1.3. Recent Developments Over the past three years since the last survey was conducted during 2016-2018, Israel has unabatedly advanced its colonial enterprise throughout Mandatory Palestine with unassailable impunity. While both the US and Israeli administrations have changed during that period, the strategy has remained the same in its hostility towards Palestinians and in its colonial-apartheid policies. These attacks have been augmented by the increased Arab-Israeli normalization deals, used as a method by the Israeli-American allyship to entrench Zionist-Israeli presence and relevance in the region. Naturally, this shift has come at the expense of Palestinian selfdetermination and their inalienable rights. The Palestinian struggle is simultaneously being undermined locally and internationally, as Palestinian civil society is confronting increased shrinking spaces. All of this is unraveling with the backdrop of Palestinian refugee living conditions worsening and their right to durable solutions sidelined. Israeli impunity, nonetheless, has remained largely untouched. 96 The Israel Land Administration Law of 2009 allows the privatization of lands ‘owned’ by the State of Israel, in Israel and the oPt, authorizing the sale of colony units and areas confiscated from Palestinians for colonies to private Jewish owners; see Adalah, ‘New Discriminatory Laws and Bills in Israel’ (Adalah, October 2012) <https://www.adalah. org/uploads/oldfiles/Public/files/English/Legal_Advocacy/Discriminatory_Laws/Discriminatory-Laws-in-IsraelOctober-2012-Update.pdf>. For more on the JNF, see BADIL, ‘The Jewish National Fund (JNF)’ (2007) 34 Al Majdal <http://www.badil.org/en/publication/periodicals/al-majdal/item/429-the-jewish-national-fund-jnf.html> accessed 3 October 2022. 97 OCHA, ‘Data on casualties’ (OCHA, 26 December 2018) <https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties> accessed 3 October 2022. 98 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), ‘UN experts alarmed by rise in settler violence in occupied Palestinian territory’ (OHCHR, 10 November 2021) <https://www.ohchr.org/en/pressreleases/2021/11/un-experts-alarmed-rise-settler-violence-occupied-palestinian-territory> accessed 3 October 2022. 99 B’Tselem, ‘Settler Violence = State Violence’ (B’Tselem, 2022) <https://www.btselem.org/settler_violence_updates_ overview> accessed 3 October 2022. 19 1 Chapter to enhance or support the illegal acts of Israel, often with questionable and illegal acts of their own, and enjoy a significant measure of impunity, and often times, outright support of the state. Israel utilizes Jewish parastatal organizations, such as the Jewish National Fund (JNF), to privatize ‘state-owned’ land and ensure it remains in Jewish hands in perpetuity, thereby frustrating Palestinian attempts to reclaim or access their land.96 Israel also relies on colonizers themselves to inflict violence against Palestinian communities in order to induce fear in Palestinians. Consequently, Palestinians are inhibited from cultivating their land or are forced to leave, thereby freeing land up for seizure. It is a policy that Israel implicitly perpetuates through the security its military provides to colonizers and through denying equal enforcement of the law. In the past 14 years, colonizers have killed 37 Palestinians, and wounded at least 2,026 people.97 In the first ten months of 2021 alone, there were 410 attacks by colonizers against Palestinians, with 302 of these attacks being against property and 108 against individuals – four of whom were murdered.98 Since 2020, there have been 757 documented incidents, with 274 of the attacks being on agricultural property, 297 on nonagricultural property, and 218 on individuals.99