1 Chapter Bethlehem-Jerusalem Segregation Wall, 2021. (Source: lajee.org) Home Demolition, Bethlehem, 2020. (©Nasser Ishtayeh) Deny Access to lands, Jordan Valley, 2020. (©Nasser Ishtayeh) Checkpoints in the West Bank, 2019. (©Issam Rimawi) facto enforcement, rather than via clear military orders or legislation, deliberately obfuscates the intentional denial of access to natural resources and services to Palestinians, further perpetuating and triggering new waves of displacement.87 1.2.7. Denial of Reparations Since 1948, Israel has systematically denied Palestinian refugees their right to reparations, which includes the right of return, property restitution, compensation, and guarantees of non-repetition. This has manifested both directly and indirectly as result of multiple Israeli laws, policies and practices.88 Israel’s legally and militarily enforced policies constitute an ongoing violation of Palestinian individual and collective rights. On a foundational level, the denial of Palestinian refugees’ right of return hinders the ability of the Palestinian people to exercise their right to self-determination, as the physical presence of Palestinians as a whole is prerequisite to self-determination.89 In addition, the denial of their right to return renders 87 BADIL, Forced Population Transfer: The Case of Palestine – Denial of Access to Natural Resources and Services (Working Paper No. 20, BADIL 2017) [hereinafter BADIL, Denial of Access]<http://www.badil.org/phocadownloadpap/badilnew/publications/research/working-papers/wp20-DANRS.pdf> accessed 3 October 2022. 88 BADIL, Denial of Reparations (n 45), 28-32. 89 BADIL, Palestinian Self-Determination: Land, People, and Practicality (Working Paper No. 28, BADIL 2021) <https://www.badil.org/cached_uploads/view/2021/11/15/wp-28-self-determination-1636973309.pdf> accessed 3 October 2022. 17