K.M. Parvez Geopsychiatry 3 (2026) 100091 psychosocial support within refugee settings to reduce dependency and enhance resilience. At the same time, humanitarian efforts must be linked to sustained political and legal strategies aimed at addressing the root causes of displacement. This requires coordinated international pressure to ensure accountability, as well as credible frameworks for safe, voluntary, and dignified repatriation that include guarantees of citizenship and protection. Without such integration, humanitarian systems risk perpetuating the very conditions they seek to alleviate. The Rohingya crisis illustrates a fundamental contradiction in contemporary global governance: while humanitarian systems are capable of sustain­ ing life, they are often unable to secure justice or resolve structural in­ equalities. The persistence of statelessness, combined with geopolitical inertia, transforms displacement into a long-term condition of uncer­ tainty and exclusion. 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