CONTENTS Executive summary 3 Methodology 7 Acknowledgements 8 Introduction 9 I The camps in North East Syria 11 II The conflict in North East Syria 14 III Circumstances of detention 16 IV Conditions in the camps 19 V European states’ influence, involvement, and powers to bring the detention and suffering of European women and children to an end 33 VI Security concerns arising from the camps 36 VII Fundamental legal questions 40 VIII Conclusions 45 Endnotes 46 ANNEX I: Government responses to questions posed by RSI 50 ANNEX II: Government repatriation policies and practices 58 ANNEX III: Summary of repatriation efforts to date (as publicly verified) 64 ANNEX IV: Domestic criminal and administrative measures 67 RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL