to cease running services from Jenin to Al-Lajjun and Haifa in 1987 due to increased Israeli restrictions.315 • Appropriation and control of pre-existing road facilities: The main road through Wadi ‘Ara, Route 65, was used as a key route providing a connection between the Israeli-Jewish coastal city of Hadera and the Galilee.316 As this strategic route was blocked by Palestinians several times, particularly during the Second Intifada, 317 Israel now asserts heavy control over this road. • Checkpoints imposed during and after the Second Intifada have severely hampered travel between Palestinian towns and villages in the West Bank and Umm al-Fahm, particularly for those who possess West Bank IDs. While all Palestinians from inside the Green Line can travel into the West Bank from the two checkpoints immediately east of Umm alFahm (Barta’a and Tura), travel is prohibited in the other direction except for those with Israeli citizenship along with a limited number of local villagers. Anyone with a West Bank ID is required to travel through Jalama checkpoint, directly north of Jenin, adding significantly to travel time. Both psychological and mental efforts are needed to try to apply the law and to not violate it in any way. For example, I am Palestinian and my son is considered an Israeli because he holds an Israeli citizenship. If we want to travel to Ramallah, both of us can use the Barta’a checkpoint or Jalama checkpoint to enter. We cannot, however, return home together from either of these checkpoints because they are only for Israeli entry. We are instead required to go to Jabara checkpoint, just so we can be together. West Bank ID holder married to a Palestinian from Umm al-Fahm Interview: Umm al-Fahm, 7 November 2019 The above practices of fragmentation are evident in various systematic forms throughout Mandatory Palestine, and Umm al-Fahm constitutes a noticeable case in point. Importantly, Umm al-Fahm’s geographical proximity, strong historical ties to the West Bank and persistent national consciousness have further prompted Israel to exert additional pressure on the city itself by not only imposing policies of fragmentation, but also those of isolation. 315 Jabbarin, supra 281. 316 “A bypass road to Hadera opens to traffic” [Hebrew], Davar, 24 November 1970, available at: http://jpress.org.il/olive/apa/nli_heb/?href=DAV%2F1970%2F11%2F24&page=5&entityId=Ar00516 - panel=document [accessed 28 February 2020]. 317 “The Or Inquiry – Summary of Events," Haaretz, 19 November 2001, available at: https://www. haaretz.com/1.5124218 [accessed 28 February 2020]. 80