they allow, facilitate, and enable the immediate, safe and unhindered delivery of humanitarian assistance at scale directly to the Palestinian civilian population’. In order to achieve such an aim, the resolution ‘stresses the importance of respecting and protecting’ infrastructure used for the delivery of humanitarian assistance. In its present conduct, Israel is not only in fundamental breach of international humanitarian and human rights law, but is manufacturing and inflicting famine on a defenceless civilian population for the purpose of genocide. Israel’s attack on the Palestinian population is simultaneously an attack on the UN as a whole. Sanctions need to be implemented against Israel until such time as it respects international law, forcing it to cease its genocidal famine. As the body mandated under the UN Charter with primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2417 in 2018 recognising the link between armed conflict, violence and food insecurity, and the threat of famine. Resolution 2417 strongly condemned international humanitarian law violations such as the use of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, the forced displacement of civilians, the unlawful denial of humanitarian access, and the deprivation to civilians of objects indispensable to their survival. Critically, Resolution 2417 urged “those with influence over parties to armed conflict to remind the latter of their obligation to comply with international humanitarian law” and recalled that the Security Council “has adopted and can consider to adopt sanction measures, where appropriate and in line with existing practice, that can be applied to individuals or entities obstructing the delivery of humanitarian assistance, or access to, or distribution of, humanitarian assistance”. Israel’s continued impunity, and its ongoing, persistent, and egregious disregard for international law or principle, including for its military and legislative attacks on United Nations organs and their personnel, along with its wilful breach of the Provisional Measures Orders of the International Court of Justice under the Convention Against Genocide in the South Africa v Israel proceedings, is liable to cause the collapse of the international legal system, and constitutes a threat to the maintenance of international peace and security. Israel, by implementing an apartheid system against the Palestinian people as a whole, over a people it is subjecting to genocide, has breached the terms of its UN membership to such a degree of gravity that its suspension from the UN General Assembly is warranted, as is action taken under Article 6 of the UN Charter. International humanitarian law applicable to situations of occupation, including unlawful occupation, as confirmed by the ICJ’s 2024 Advisory Opinion, requires as a basic principle that the Occupying Power ensures the provision of essential goods to the protected population, and that where the occupying power does not make such provision, it is obliged the facilitate the provision of such essentials by other actors. On the Proposal for a July 2025 UN conference on a two-State solution for Israel and Palestine The safest and most effective immediate way for the civilian population in the Occupied Palestinian Territory to receive adequate humanitarian assistance is through the ending of the unlawful occupation in parallel with humanitarian assistance operations, coordinated with Palestinians, by the United Nations, third States or impartial humanitarian organizations. Palestinian officials must ensure a comprehensive representation of the Palestinian people as a whole, including Palestinian refugees and exiles abroad and Palestinian citizens inside the Green Line, through functional and democratic institutions, in pursuing the realisation of the collective right of the Palestinian people to 7