Mapping Minorities’ Vulnerability to Hate Speech may amount to mass atrocity crimes. 6 These are each illustrated by recent incidents in relation to ethnic Koreans in Japan, the Rohingyas in Myanmar, and the Bengali and other mostly Muslim minorities who are currently at high risk of statelessness in the State of Assam, India. This article is based on literature concerning hate speech targeting minorities, 7 online hate speech 8 and sporadic literature addressing online hate speech targeting minority groups in the statelessness context, mainly reports exploring hate speech spread online against the Rohingyas 9 and Muslim minorities in Assam, India. 10 This study aims to contribute to the existing body of literature and suggest findings on the role and responsibility of Facebook in spreading hate speech targeting minorities who are either already stateless or are at risk of statelessness. It also explores how hate speech may contribute to the denationalisation of a minority group. These correlations are portrayed below through case studies of denationalisation. In particular, in conjunction with secondary sources, this article examines the cases of ethnic Koreans in Japan, Muslim minorities living in Myanmar and in the State of Assam, India. 6 7 8 9 10 Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity are defined as mass atrocity crimes in international legal documents, see especially Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, opened for signature 9 December 1948, 78 UNTS 277 (entered into force 12 January 1951); Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, opened for signature 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31 (entered into force 21 October 1950); Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of the Armed Forces at Sea, opened for signature 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 85 (entered into force 21 October 1950); Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, opened for signature 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 135 (entered into force 21 October 1950); Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, opened for signature 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287 (entered into force 21 October 1950); Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, opened for signature 17 July 1998, 2187 UNTS 3 (entered into force 1 July 2002). In addition to these crimes, ethnic cleansing is seen as a fourth mass atrocity crime despite the lack of legal recognition as an independent crime under international law. The term ‘ethnic cleansing’ was used in the context of the 1990’s conflict in the former Yugoslavia and has been applied in United Nations Security Council and General Assembly resolutions. See Defining the Four Mass Atrocity Crimes (Report, Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect 15 August 2018) <https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/defining-the-four-massatrocity-crimes/>. See generally Barbara Perry, In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes (Routledge 2001); Shannon Fyfe, ‘Tracking Hate Speech Acts as Incitement to Genocide in International Criminal Law’ (2017) 30(2) Leiden Journal of International Law 523; Ilja Richard Pavone, ‘Italian Experiences in Combating Hate Crimes and Hate Speech in Light of Recent Violence by and against Roma’ (2010) 51(3) Acta Juridica Hungarica 187; Rob White and Santina Perrone, ‘Racism, Ethnicity and Hate Crime’ (2001) 9(2) Communal/Plural 161; Jeannine Bell, ‘Restraining the Heartless: Racist Speech and Minority Rights’ (2009) 84(3) Indiana Law Journal 963; Susan Benesch, ‘Defining and Diminishing Hate Speech’ [2014] State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 18. See generally Danielle Keats Citron, Hate Crimes in Cyberspace (Harvard University Press 2014); James Banks, Regulating Hate Speech Online (2010) 24(3) International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 233; Pete Burnap and Matthiew L Williams, ‘Cyber Hate Speech on Twitter: An Application of Machine Classification and Statistical Modelling for Policy and Decision Making’ (2015) 7(2) Policy and Internet 223; Kevin Durrheim, Ross Greener and Kevin A Whitehead, ‘Race Trouble: Attending to Race and Racism in Online Interaction’ 54(1) British Journal of Social Psychology 84; Abraham H Foxman, Christopher Wolf, Viral hate: Containing Its Spread on the Internet (Palgrave Macmillan 2013). Steve Stecklow, Hatebook: Inside Facebook’s Myanmar Operation: Why Facebook is Losing the War on Hate Speech in Myanmar (Report, Reuters 15 August 2018) <https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/myanmar-facebook-hate/> (‘Hatebook’). Megaphone for Hate (n 1). 7