2020 Statelessness & Citizenship Review 2(1) new accounts each time and continue posting, 105 which again calls into question Facebook’s capacity to step up against online hate speech. Furthermore, Avaaz also came across certain similarities between the degrading language used to describe mostly Muslim minorities in the State of Assam and hateful comments targeted at the Rohingya in Myanmar. 106 Also, Avaaz points out that what aggravates the problem is that regional and national media outlets amplify the dehumanising statements of high-ranking politicians, military and government officials by directly quoting their hateful remarks in the headlines of the media outlets’ Facebook posts. 107 In the report, Avaaz makes a number of recommendations to Facebook, 108 the Indian Government, as well as to the United Nations and the international community (in addition to the points mentioned in the United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech) to address the issue at hand. 109 In the subsequent sections the report demonstrates a number of concrete examples of hateful posts (including pictures, videos, discussions) spread on Facebook, also providing translations thereto which may serve as tangible evidence of hate speech. 110 The report also flags an important connection between the two mentioned statelessness crises that are linked to hate speech, highlighting that the approximately 40,000 Rohingya Muslims having found refuge in India — mostly in the State of Assam — are often referred to as ‘Bangladeshi’ by Hindunationalist social media users and have become subjected to hate speech on the mentioned social media platform. 111 This reveals the heart-breaking reality that after suffering from the implications of hate speech in Myanmar, the Rohingyas fled their home country only to find another country where they continue to be subjected to further hateful comments, which may have similarly grave consequences as what they suffered in Myanmar. VII CONCLUSION In the twenty-first century, our globe consists of countries with emerging economies, high tech gadget arsenals and diverse societies where nationality is not 105 106 107 108 ibid 25. ibid 29–34. ibid 8, 21, 39–45. Recommendations aimed at the United Nations and the international community at large include:  Monitor and collect data on hate speech against minorities both on social media and in mainstream media, particularly against the backdrop of the threat of a citizenship exercise like the NRC.  Support victims of hate speech in Assam, in particular those excluded from the NRC and ensure there is no escalation in violence against them.  Engage state and non-state actors spreading hatred online and offline in India. Bring together stakeholders, including new and traditional media to ensure all stakeholders take responsibility to stop the spread of hate speech. Start with Assam as an important test case.  Engage social media companies on how they can fulfil UN principles to protect vulnerable minorities and address hate speech in India and encourage partnerships between these companies to stop the misuse of their platforms by those spreading hate and disinformation. ibid 13. 109 See UN Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech (n 5). 110 See, eg, Megaphone for Hate (n 1) 19–20. 111 ibid 29. 22