The Guardian (online, 23 August 2019); Lorena Allam, Calla Wahlquist, Nick Evershed, ‘Aboriginal deaths in custody: Black Lives Matter protests referred to our count of 432 deaths. It’s now 437’, The Guardian (online, 9 June 2020). 126 Notably, whilst the rate of deaths in custody has declined since the Royal Commission, the rate of incarceration has increased, resulting in increased numbers of deaths in custody, and disharmony between states on the implementation of the 339 recommendations made in 1991: Lorena Allam and Calla Wahlquist, ‘Indigenous Deaths in Custody: key recommendations still not fully implemented - Deloitte review of deaths in custody reveals that only two-thirds of landmark royal commission’s recommendations have been fully implemented’, The Guardian (online, 25 October 2018). 127 Heather Nancarrow, Unintended Consequences of Domestic Violence: Gendered Aspirations and Racialised Realities (Palgrave, 2019), 90, 113, 184. 128 Nafiseh Ghafournia and Patricia Easteal, ‘Help-Seeking Experiences of Immigrant Domestic Violence Survivors in Australia: A Snapshot of Muslim Survivors’, (2019) July, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1, 2-3. 129 Heather Nancarrow, Unintended Consequences of Domestic Violence: Gendered Aspirations and Racialised Realities (Palgrave, 2019), 90, 113, 184. 130 Peter Davidson et al., Poverty in Australia 2020: Part one, Overview. ACOSSUNSW Poverty and Inequality Partnership Report No.3 (Report, 2020). 131 Ibid. 132 Ibid. The Newstart Allowance falls $117 a week below the poverty line, and youth payments are $168 a week below the line. 133 Peter Davidson et al., Poverty in Australia 2020: Part one, Overview. ACOSSUNSW Poverty and Inequality Partnership Report No.2 (Report, 2020). 134 See, J. Rob Bray, ‘Seven years of evaluating income management ‐ what have we learnt? Placing the findings of the New Income Management in the Northern Territory evaluation in context’ (2016) 51(4) Australian Journal of Social Issues 449. 135 See Luke Henriques-Gomes, ‘Robo Debt Could Target Pensioners and ‘Sensitive’ Groups, Leaked Documents Show’, The Guardian (online, 23 August 2019). 136 In 2014–15, 29% Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 15 years and over had experienced homelessness: Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2014-15 (Catalogue No 4714.0, 28 April 2016). A review of remote housing in 2017 found overcrowding in 49% of very remote and 27% in remote housing, with more than 20 people per house: Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Commonwealth of Australia, The Remote Housing Review 2008-2018: A Review of the National Partnership Agreement on Remote Housing and the Remote Housing Strategy 2008-2018 (Report, 2018) 20. Overcrowding negatively impacts physical and mental health, children’s school attendance and is a key contributing factor and is a key contributing factor for assault and sexual assault. Overcrowding also caused additional stresses on water supplies and sewage disposal systems, causing failures and sewage overflow, strained shared amenities resulting in a lack of washing of people, clothes and bedding (see Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Commonwealth of Australia, The Remote Housing Review 2008-2018: A Review of the National Partnership Agreement on Remote Housing and the Remote Housing Strategy 2008-2018 (Report, 2018). This Housing review did not include Aboriginal Homelands, Outstations, or non-remote discrete communities. 137 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing: Estimating homelessness, 2016 (Catalogue No 2049.0, 14 March 2018). 138 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Housing Occupancy and Costs, 2017-18 (Catalogue No 4130.0, 17 July 2019). 139 At 4.4% in 2017, compared to nearly 20% for the UK: see ‘Affordable Housing Database’, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Web Page, 2019); Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Housing Assistance in Australia 2018 (Web Report, Catalogue no HOU 296, 28 June 2018). 140 Homelessness Taskforce, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, The Road Home: A National Approach to Reducing Homelessness (White Paper, 2008). 141 See Australian Bureau of Statistics, Housing Occupancy and Costs, 2017-18 (Catalogue No 4030.0, 17 July 2019). 142 Closing the Gap aims to improve the lives of all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. Australian governments have worked together to deliver better health, education and employment outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, and to eliminate the difference between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and other people across a number of areas like health, education, employment and life expectancy. In December 2018 the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) committed to forming a genuine formal partnership with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples to enable them to decide on the priorities and lead on the progress of Closing the Gap. The Coalition of Peaks is a representative body comprised of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community controlled peak-body organisations that have come together to partner with all Australian governments on designing, implementing and evaluating the closing the gap strategy, a policy aimed at improving the lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. The Coalition of Peaks entered into a historic formal Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap with the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) which sets out shared decision making on Closing the Gap. Together, it has been agreed to develop a new National Agreement on Closing the Gap, to be signed by COAG and the Coalition of Peaks, which will set out joint actions over the next ten years to help improve the lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. 143 This is one of the largest ratios of any OECD nation. See Productivity Commission, Why a Better Health System Matters, Shifting the Dial: 5 year Productivity Review, Supporting Paper 4 (Report, 2017) 11. 144 The 20% of Australians living in the lowest socioeconomic areas in 2014–15 were 1.6 times as likely as the highest 20% to have at least two chronic health conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes. Australians living in the lowest socioeconomic areas lived about 3 years less than those living in the highest areas in 2009–2011: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia’s health 2016 (Report, 13 September 2016), Chapter 4, 130. 145 For example, Australia lacks a universal dental scheme. See Stephen Duckett, Matt Cowgill and Hal Swerissen, Filing the Gap: A Universal Dental Scheme for Australia (Report, Grattan Institute, March 2019). 146 Public Health Association Australia, Commonwealth Budget 2020-2021 Pre-Budget Submission (31 January 2020) 6. 32