example, individuals not registered with the residential registration system have limited access to State protection and are vulnerable to exploitation.31 Additionally, lack of registration within the residential registration system restricts access to education and health care.32 19. Therefore, even though the Vietnamese Constitution provides that all citizens enjoy equal rights,33 citizens in fact enjoy differing access to fundamental human rights depending on their status with respect to the residential registration system.34 20. This discrepancy is significant given that Viet Nam currently has at least 12 million internal migrants, 13.5 percent who are unregistered and 49 percent who have temporary household registration.35 Internal migration and displacement in Viet Nam is likely to increase over time, particularly given the susceptibility of Viet Nam to disaster displacement.36 The Norwegian Refugee Council ranks Viet Nam as the fourth country in the world most at risk to disaster-displacement, after India, China and Bangladesh.37 Survivors of Human Trafficking and Exploitation 21. Typically, stateless persons and those at risk of statelessness are at heightened risk of human trafficking and exploitation because they often have difficulty proving their identity or links to a State.38 Similarly, survivors of human trafficking can also be at heightened risk of statelessness. 22. The below case study from BPSOS, clearly demonstrates some of the risks and vulnerabilities that survivors of trafficking can face, and how this can increase their risk of statelessness. 23. N.T.L,39 a 27 year old woman, was rescued from a bonded labour in Jordan by BPSOS and returned to Viet Nam in March 2008. Upon return, she was detained for a number of 31 Ibid. 32 Jonathan De Luca, above n 28; United Nations Population Fund and Vietnam General Statistics Office, above n 31, 196. 33 See Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam), art 34 [Socialist Republic of Vietnam trans, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam) (15 April 1992) <http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b573c.html>]. 34 Norwegian Refugee Council, above n 28. 35 Household data from the survey conducted for the following referenced report by United Nations Population Fund and Vietnam General Statistics Office (above, n 30) shows that 13.6 percent of the population of Viet Nam are migrants. Given the population of Viet Nam is at least 91 million, 13.6 percent of the population equates to at least 12 million internal migrants. 36 Environmental Migration Portal, Vietnam (2015) Environmental Migration Portal <http://www.environmentalmigration.iom.int/viet-nam>. Norwegian Refugee Council, above n 28. Jonathan De Luca, above n 28. 37 Norwegian Refugee Council, above n 28. 38 U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2016) U.S. Department of State, 23 <https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/258876.pdf>. 39 The trafficking survivor’s name and the details of their case have been anonymised, to ensure confidentiality. 7