relocated Vietnamese residents, as they cannot own the land at relocation sites.98 The combined effects of the government’s tightened immigration regime and associated registration requirements, document revocation, decreasing fish stocks in the Tonle Sap and forced relocations have increased a feeling of precarity and insecurity among affected communities. Thousands of people of Vietnamese origin have therefore left for Vietnam in search of better living conditions. There are no clear figures about this cross-border migration, as many are forced to cross the border irregularly. Many of these migrants will see Vietnam for the first time. Information about how stateless individuals from Cambodia are treated in Vietnam is sparse, but the available information suggests that those without family connections or other ties to Vietnam may struggle to gain a secure legal status.99 Many struggle to make a living in Vietnam, especially those who previously lived from fishing. Numerous have returned to Cambodia after some years and find themselves again in a precarious and irregular situation, as they missed the registration process and hold no valid PRC. This cross-border migration and its effects on stateless persons remains understudied. 98 Hyma, Raymond and Lyhour Heang (2022) ‘Listening to the Ethnic Vietnamese Living along the Tonle Sap: A Community at a Crossroads’, Phnom Penh: Women Peace Makers. <https://wpmcambodia.org/ wp-content/uploads/2022/06/a-communityatacrossroads.pdf> 99 See Nguyen Nu Nguyet Anh, and Cao Tanh Tam (2024) ‘Citizenship Policies and Precarity of Stateless Vietnamese from Cambodia Migrating to Vietnam’, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 25(1): 62-75. 27