main poverty identification program.91 Although Sub-decree 291 on Identification of Poor Households (2011) is silent on the requirement for a legal identity document, the questionnaires used for identifying poor households embed a request for a national ID card number, including the attachment of a copy of the national ID card.92 This implies that, in practice, a Cambodian national ID card is required to be recorded in IDPoor. Given the centrality of IDPoor for the identification of poor households (not to mention any actual delivery of assistance), there is a need for further inquiry into the relationship between possession of proof of legal identity (in particular Cambodian nationality) and access to IDPoor by some of the poorest and most marginalised households.93 5.3. Land, relocations and cross-border migration Land ownership in Cambodia is limited to nationals only, leaving stateless communities and those without proof of nationality frequently in precarious living and housing conditions. Furthermore, around the Tonle Sap Lake authorities have taken measures to relocate floating villages onto the land, citing environmental and other regulatory reasons.94 Many of these comprise stateless communities of Vietnamese origin. Kampong Chhnang province was the first to implement relocations for more than 10,000 people, affecting Vietnamese and other communities alike.95 However, the conditions of the relocation sites differ markedly between Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese groups. In 2019, the UN Special Rapporteur visited some of these sites and expressed great concern about housing and sanitation conditions for Vietnamese families and the general lack of public infrastructure.96 In June 2021, Phnom Penh authorities similarly ordered with little notice the removal of all floating houses on rivers surrounding the capital, affecting some 1,300 mostly Vietnamese households.97 Apart from disrupting the livelihood of traditional fishing communities, these relocations have highlighted the precarious legal status of 91 Refer to Department of Identification of Poor Households at <https://idpoor.gov.kh/en/> 92 See IDPoor questionnaire at <https://idpoor.gov.kh/en/idpoor-questionnaire/> (17 November 2023) 93 RWI Scoping Study 2023. 94 Smith, Rhona (2021) ‘Relocating Floating Communities in Cambodia: Kampong Chhnang’, Human Rights Quarterly 43(2): 290; and Beban, Alice et al (2024) ‘Disorientations: The Political Ecology of “Displacing” Floating Communities from Cambodia’s Tonle Sap Lake’, Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography, 1-25. 95 Smith, Relocating Floating Communities in Cambodia, 295. 96 ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Cambodia’, UN Doc A/ HRC/42/60 (27 August 2019) paras. 40-43. 97 See Nicseybon Samoeun and Danielle Keeton-Olsen (2021) ‘Floating Communities, Many Vietnamese, Uprooted by Phnom Penh Evictions’, VOD, 11 June 2021. <https://vodenglish.news/floatingcommunities-many-vietnamese-uprooted-by-phnom-penh-evictions/> (12 July 2024) 26