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28 Audrey Alexander, The Security Threat COVID-19 Poses to the Northern Syria Detention Camps
Holding Islamic State Members, CTC Sentinel 13:6, June 2020.
29 Email exchange NCTV, October 2020; Email exchange Sofia Koller (DGAP), October 2020;
Videoconference exchange with CUTA, October 2020.
30 Bethan McKernan, Turkey threatens to send foreign Isis suspects home from next week, The Guardian,
8 November 2019.
31 Email exchange with Juha Saarinen (King’s College London), October 2020.
32 Thomas Seibert, 25.000 Angehörige von IS-Kämpfern kommen frei, Der Tagesspiegel, 14 October 2020;
Email exchange with Sofia Koller (DGAP), October 2020.
33 Bethan McKernan and Dan Sabbagh, Briton arrested at Heathrow after Turkey said it deported Isis
suspect, The Guardian, 14 November 2019.
34 Turkey deports ISIS bride and child back to the Netherlands, DutchNews.nl, 25 October 2020; Email
exchange with NCTV, October 2020.
35 La Turquie renvoie 11 djihadistes français, L’Obs, 9 December 2019; Expulsé de Turquie, un djihadiste
français placé en garde à vue à Paris, AFP, 5 October 2020; Une djihadiste française de 59 ans renvoyée
par la Turquie et incarcérée, Le Figaro, 20 August 2020.
36 Email exchange with Bea Eriksson (RTC Sweden), October 2020.
37 Danish jihadist arrested at Copenhagen Airport after Turkish deportation, AFP, 19 November 2019;
Email exchange with Maja Touzari Greenwood (DIIS), October 2020.
38 Videoconference exchange with CUTA, October 2020.
39 Email exchange with Juha Saarinen (King’s College London), October 2020.
40 Email exchange with Sofia Koller (DGAP), October 2020.
41 Email exchange with Reprieve, October 2020.
42 Email exchange with Francesco Marone (ISPI), October 2020.
43 Email exchange with “Collectif des familles unies”, October 2020.
44 Email exchange with Maja Touzari Greenwood (DIIS), October 2020.
45 Karwan Faidhi Dri, Austria repatriates two orphans of ISIS member parents from Syria, Rudaw, 3
October 2019; Email exchange with Daniela Pisoiu (OIIP), October 2020.
46 Email exchange with Christophe Paulussen (Asser Institute), October 2020.
47 Email exchange with “Collectif des familles unies”, October 2020.
48 Email exchange with Bea Eriksson (RTC Sweden), October 2020.
49 Laurence Brecx, Retour prochain vers la Belgique pour 6 enfants de jihadistes, RTBF, 13 June 2019.
50 Italian foreign fighter arrested, ANSA, 28 June 2019.
51 Eric Schmitt, op. cit.; Operation Inherent Resolve: Lead Inspector General report to the United States
Congress, op. cit.
52 Operation Inherent Resolve: Lead Inspector General report to the United States Congress, op. cit.
53 Bassem Mroue, Syria Kurds free hundreds of IS militants as part of amnesty, AP, 15 October 2020.
54 Veronika Hofinger and Thomas Schmidinger, ‘Muhajirun’ from Austria. Why they left to join ISIS
and why they don’t return., Journal for Deradicalization 22, Spring 2020, pp. 287-318; Email exchange with
Daniela Pisoiu (OIIP), October 2020.
55 Videoconference exchange with CUTA, October 2020; Email exchange with the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, October 2020. CUTA figures are slightly larger (15 men, 23 women, 58 children) because
they include all Belgian FTFs (defined as citizens but also “residents”). It should be noted that
discussions remain possible on the citizenship of some children, for instance born of a deceased
Belgian father.
56 Email exchange with Maja Touzari Greenwood (DIIS), October 2020.
57 Email exchange with Juha Saarinen (King’s College London), October 2020.
58 Email exchange with “Collectif des familles unies”, October 2020; Email exchange with Céline
Martelet and Edith Bouvier (French journalists), October 2020; Enfants de djihadistes rapatriés : "Ils
sont encore 250 à vivre dans des conditions indignes", Europe1, 22 June 2020. Some sources have
suggested that the lower end of the range is more likely than the higher end.
EGMONT Royal Institute for International Relations
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