Summary 19 to facilitate refugee returns should be predicated on access to full citizenship and basic rights and freedoms for Rohingya in Myanmar. To address crimes committed against Rohingya and pave the path for future protections, the international community should ensure justice for atrocity crimes in Myanmar and press the U.N. Security Council to refer Myanmar to the ICC or, alternatively, to establish an ad hoc international criminal tribunal. The international community should impose an arms embargo on the Myanmar military and targeted sanctions against militaryowned enterprises and those found to be responsible for human rights violations in Rakhine State. International humanitarian agencies operational in northern Rakhine State should establish a common position and a coordinated, rights-respecting response to the NVC process in order to protect the rights of Rohingya and other communities and enable Rohingya to opt out of the NVC process, if they choose, without fear of reprisals or loss of opportunities. Rohingya human rights defenders in Myanmar and throughout the world are advocating for these and other objectives. Their work is described in chapter IV of this report. A.R., 85, was a farmer in Myanmar and is the father of six. Two of his sons were killed during the Myanmar Army-led attacks in August 2017. “Once you take the [NVC] card, you become just a guest in [Myanmar]. I can feed you rice now, but even before you are done eating, I can ask you to leave my home, as you are just a guest a for us. I did not want to become a guest.” ©Saiful Huq Omi, Counter Foto, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, August 2019