 FIGURE 21: Primary attendance rates for the Shona community and nationals by county 118 115 120 Percent of population 100 91 89 86 81 80 109 108 105 81 101 81 60 40 20 0 National (urban) Population average Shona Shona National Shona Kiambu County NAR National Nairobi County GAR Source: Shona SES (2019) and KIHBS (KNBS 2015/16).  FIGURE 22: Primary attendance rates, by county and gender Percent of population 100 80 81 105 86 120 117 117 114 120 103 84 103 87 82 81 113 108 95 81 111 90101 91 102 83 79 60 40 20 0 Shona National (urban) Men Shona National (urban) Shona Women Population average National Men Shona National Women Kiambu County NAR Shona National Men Shona National Women Nairobi County GAR Source: Shona SES (2019) and KIHBS (KNBS 2015/16). 28. At the secondary level, attendance rates are generally low, although nationals of secondary school age are twice as likely to attend school than Shona community children. For the Shona community, the secondary GAR is 50 percent, of which about half are of secondary school age (NAR is 28 percent). In contrast, 50 percent of secondary school-age nationals are enrolled in secondary school (p<0.01; Figure 23), rising to 78 percent when considering nationals of all ages. The Shona community men have higher secondary attendance rates than women (65 percent compared to 37 percent; Figure 24). Comparing the gap in NAR and GAR, estimates show there is a greater propensity for both nationals and the Shona to enroll later in primary and secondary education. Late school entry could increase school dropout and also have negative impacts on children’s cognitive development (Chen 2017). The lower transition to secondary school for the Shona may partly be explained by the fact that a birth certificate is required to register for primary 8 (the last grade in primary) in order to continue to secondary (UNHCR Kenya 2017). Moreover, as the employment rate for Shona youth is higher than Findings 10183_Shona Report.indd 19  19 12/14/20 2:56 PM