193 EU Citizenship Needs a Stronger Social Dimension and Soft Duties Figure 3 Support for a common EU social insurance scheme that covers intra-EU migrant workers % of respondents 100 80 60 40 20 0 France Germany Italy Poland Spain Sweden EU6 Source: Ferrera & Pellegata, Can Economic and Social Europe Be Reconciled? Citizen Views on Integration and Solidarity, Milan, 2017, available at: www.resceu.eu omy and labour market. In due course, such schemes might break the path towards novel forms of transnational risk pooling and thus solidarity.21 Adding citizenship duties: Is it desirable? Is it feasible? The Lisbon Treaty makes it clear that EU citizenship is not ‘duty-free’: rights come with duties (art. 20 TFEU). So far, such duties essentially consist in complying with EU law, including free movement and its potential negative externalities. Would it be desirable to introduce some heavier, more tangible burden, directly linked to being a citizen of the Union? As mentioned, the classical duties of citizenship (prior to it: of ‘subjectship’) have historically consisted in paying taxes and serving in the army. In present times, the former duty can be absolved through indirect taxation, income/wealth taxation, social security contributions and, to some extent, co-payments and fees-for-service. As to the latter duty, mandatory service is today the exception rather than the rule: the vast majority of EU countries have replaced it with voluntary service or with professional armies. Given widespread anti-tax sentiments among voters, today the imposition of some explicit and visible EU tax would not be a good idea in terms 21 Cross-border pension schemes are already being experimented with in the wake of Directive 2003/41/EC. Almost 700,000 EU workers are already covered by such schemes. See: European Iinsurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (2017), 2016 Market development report on occupational pensions and cross-border IORPs. Frankfurt: EIOPA, available at https://eiopa. europa.eu/Publications/Reports/EIOPA-BoS-16-222_2016%20market%20 development%20report%202016.pdf.