Preface ix The second debate addresses the civil right of free movement, which is at the core of EU citizenship. The context for this debate was the Brexit referendum, in which EU free movement became the most controversial policy issue and before which the UK government had negotiated concessions that included new powers to restrict temporarily access of EU citizens to certain welfare benefits. The question posed to the authors is whether free movement should still be defended and expanded because it enhances freedom from state interference, or whether this dimension has been overstretched through decisions by the Court of Justice of the European Union at the expense of the political will of majorities in the member states and of national welfare regimes. The third and most recent debate continues in many ways the second one. It starts from the question of why EU citizenship does not include any citizen duties, although the Treaties speak in a general way about the rights and duties of the citizens of the Union. This puzzle leads very quickly to a general controversy about the ‘weight’ of EU citizenship and its main beneficiaries. Several authors regard EU citizenship as a progressive force precisely because it protects individual liberties beyond the nation-state without imposing legal duties or thicker identities on them, while others advocate a stronger social component that would also address cleavages resulting from rising social inequality and the populist backlash among the less mobile Europeans. This debate in particular discusses also practical policy proposals for EU duties and social rights. Although the debates were held at different periods over the last six years, none of them has become irrelevant or outdated. There are, however, important aspects of EU citizenship that are not covered in them. These concern in particular the impact of EU citizenship on the citizenship of member states from which it is derived and the – as yet unknown – solutions to the loss of EU citizenship rights enjoyed by UK citizens in Europe and of EU citizen rights in the UK after Brexit. The three debates are therefore complemented by an introductory essay on these topics specifically written for this volume by Jo Shaw, a prominent EU lawyer and co-director of the GLOBALCIT observatory. This book has a companion volume on the ‘Transformations of National Citizenship’ that will be published in the same series later this year and that collects four more GLOBALCIT forum debates on current challenges for citizenship in democratic states. Florence February 2018 Rainer Bauböck