Background Substandard Living Conditions in Bangladesh Since fleeing to Bangladesh in 2017, almost one million Rohingya continue to live in makeshift shelters constructed with bamboo and tarpaulin sheets.29 The refugee camps are located in the hills of Cox’s Bazar District in Southeast Bangladesh and on Bhasan Char Island in the Bay of Bengal.30 The makeshift nature of the camps has made them vulnerable to natural disasters such as seasonal cyclones and the floods and landslides of the annual monsoon season. The camps are crowded and densely populated, and basic services such as healthcare, education, and protection are underfunded, under-resourced, poorly executed, and face a number of government barriers to implementation. Since the latter part of 2019, the security situation in the camps has deteriorated as ARSA and other gangs and armed groups have controlled much of camp life. Killings and kidnappings have become common in the camps over the last few years, exemplified by the high-profile assassination of Mohib Ullah, a prominent Rohingya activist, in 2021.31 29 30 31 Government of Bangladesh, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Joint Government of Bangladesh - UNHCR Population Factsheet - Block Level as of May 2023. 2023. Inter Sector Coordination Group. 2023 Joint Response Plan Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis. 2023. The New York Times. Mohib Ullah, 46, Dies; Documented Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya. 2021. 17