rainwater collection ponds empty for up to six months during the dry season (mid-February to mid-May).lxxxvi In April UNOCHA reported that, ‘There remains high risk of transmission of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) in protracted IDP camps in Rakhine amid significant WASH gaps, as well as reliance on water trucking, and potentially boating, at the peak of the dry season in some areas.’lxxxvii Rohingya in both ‘closed’ Kyein Ni Pyin and Taung Paw camps - where people are dependent on rain ponds and additional deliveries of water by INGOs in the dry season - reported shortages of drinking water to BROUK in May.lxxxviii In ‘closed’ Nidin camp, Rohingya residents reported to BROUK in May that Rakhine villagers living nearby prevented them from using a well in their village. Rohingya are dependent on water from a river and are subjected to a monthly tax by the Rakhine to access a pipeline, which is beyond the means of some Rohingya living in the camp.lxxxix The Humanitarian Charter establishes a minimum standard of one shared toilet per 20 people.xc The average over the past six months across all the Rohingya camps falls short of the minimum standard. However, in very overcrowded Thae Chaung village, almost three times as many Rohingya have to share a single toilet. In other camps, including ‘closed’ Kyein Ni Pyin, more than twice as many people have to share a toilet.xci These issues are compounded by lack of effective solid waste management. Humanitarian actors established a target that latrine pits should be emptied weekly, which is dependent on access to the camps. Over the past three months, target has not been met in five out of the 21 camp settings, including the ‘closed’ camps of Nidin and Taung Paw, as well as Kyauk Ta Lone which is earmarked for closure imminently. Rohingya in Nidin camp described the situation there to BROUK: [During the ‘closure’ process] ‘The government built the latrine pits out of basic wood which was not strong enough and they have broken. The pits are only six feet deep and became full within two years. Emptying the pits has not been taken care of by the government or by any NGO. We want to repair the latrine pits in the camp but it will cost 130,000MMK (US$70) per pit.’xcii Rohingya in ‘closed’ Taung Paw camp also reported that the latrine pits there are in need of repair and that INGO teams responsible for providing WASH assistance to clean the latrines are not able to visit the camp frequently enough. ‘Failing to provide adequate medical care’ The Humanitarian Charter explains that, ‘Overcrowding, inadequate shelter, poor sanitation, insufficient water quantity and quality, and reduced food security all increase the risk of malnutrition and outbreaks of communicable diseases.’xciii In April UNOCHA warned that, ‘There is ongoing concern about the high risk of transmission of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) in protracted IDP camps in Rakhine due to the restrictions imposed on the freedom of movement of the Rohingya IDPs and their poor access to health services.’xciv Humanitarian actors established a target of 5 days per week of open clinic in each camp in Central Rakhine State. The average across all the camp settings over the past six months has been just two days per week with no clinic at all in ‘closed’ Nidin and soon-to-be-closed Kyauk Ta Lone camps.xcv Rohingya in Nidin camp report that a mobile clinic occasionally visits the camp, but it is not sufficient to meet their needs. The military authorities deny Rohingya access to Kyauktaw hospital. Rohingya are technically allowed to access care at other SAC-run clinics in the township, but currently do not receive any support to do so, even in an emergency.xcvi In ‘closed’ Kyein Ni Pyin camp – where 58% of camp residents are children – Rohingya also reported limited access to healthcare. In Kyauk Ta Lone camp, there is no visiting mobile clinic. Rohingya report that they are allowed to access Kyaukpyu hospital and other SAC-run clinics, with the nearest one four miles away from the camp. However, they have to secure permission from the police to travel by paying extortion fees of 5,000 - 10,000MMK (US$2-5). At times the police and military cause problems for patients by delaying permission, even in emergency situations.xcvii The restrictions on freedom of movement and access to healthcare have dire consequences for Rohingya confined to the camps, described in more detail below. 13