An Agenda for a Dignified and Sustainable Rohingya Refugee Response in Bangladesh learn to share space and build new partnership models based on a strong understanding of the roles, dynamics and leverage of different stakeholders, in line with GCR commitments.286 Efforts at strengthening a whole-of-society approach is impeded by the lack of trust between humanitarian actors which prevents effective communication and developing a shared vision of localisation in the Rohingya refugee response. The trust-deficit must not only be addressed by pursuing equitable partnership models but by addressing the structural and systemic power imbalances that shape humanitarian action.287 Most importantly, the voices of Rohingya refugees remain on the margins in terms of influencing key decisions affecting their daily lives in the camps as well as future return to Myanmar. Coordination and localisation debates solely focused on strengthening capacity and funding for humanitarian agencies without institutionalising refugee participation and downward accountability will be counterproductive. Amnesty International288 has documented that the current restrictions in the camps such as communications restrictions, violence against women, erection of fences, relocation to Bhasan Char, barriers to education, gaps in information on health services and rising tensions with host communities, is a result of the lack of meaningful participation of refugees with regard to policies and decisions directly affecting them. Taking all this into consideration, a Localisation Roadmap289 for the Rohingya refugee response is being formulated by the Centre for Peace and Justice, BRAC University at the request of the UN., following multi-stakeholder consultations at the national and Cox’s Bazar level. 5.3 Conclusion The complex and contested terrain of localisation in the Rohingya refugee response operates within a tough policy environment and a multi-layered humanitarian coordination structure in Bangladesh. The whole-of-society approach demands engaging with this complexity and navigating this landscape with a nuanced and sensitive understanding of the evolving context-specific challenges and the dynamics between various stakeholders. Localisation debates, often framed in binary terms of local versus international, fail to capture the diversity and complexity of humanitarian capacity, and have a tendency to pit one kind of actor against another in a contest over resources and legitimacy. Localisation could also be understood as the capacity to understand and respect the local context, navigate local politics and ways of working, engage refugees and host communities themselves in decision-making and coordination structures, and ultimately to meet the actual needs, vulnerabilities, and risks of refugees and host communities. 286 Sida et.al, supra n. 57, pp. 13-14 Roepstorff, supra n. 258. 288 Amnesty International, Let Us Speak for Our Rights- Human Rights Situation of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh (2020), available at https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1328842020ENGLISH.PDF 289 Formulation of a Roadmap for further Localisation of Humanitarian Response in Cox’s Bazar, available at https://cpj.bracu.ac.bd/cpj-research/formulation-of-a-roadmap-for-further-localisation-of-humanitarian-response-in-coxsbazar-2/ 287 62 Act for Peace / May 2021