An Agenda for a Dignified and Sustainable Rohingya Refugee Response in Bangladesh reprioritisation of essential health services, shift in public messages away from SRH, movement constraints, fear of transmissions and negative perceptions of health care facilities.108 Women and girls have been burdened with additional caregiving responsibilities and domestic care during the COVID-19 pandemic while at the same time, having reduced access to reporting mechanisms and referrals services due to the shift to remote, phone-based communications and reduced female humanitarian staff presence.109 Female Rohingya volunteers have faced stigmatisation and harassment from their own community by undertaking non-traditional roles in the public sphere and challenging traditional gender norms.110 The rising insecurity in the camps amidst programmatic restrictions during COVID-19 disproportionately impacted women and girls who are at greater risk of GBV, mainly intimate partner violence, due to ‘increased time spent in shelters, as well as economic pressures and overall stress and anxiety’.111 Overstretched health facilities during COVID-19 response were unable to provide gender segregated spaces and services112, constraining women and girls’ access to appropriate services. 3.2.4 Access to justice In the absence of a clear domestic legal framework for refugees, Rohingya refugees are governed by a complex web of formal and informal justice systems delivered through a variety of administrative and discretionary rules and regulations.113 Due to their lack of a formal status as well as structural and socio-cultural barriers, Rohingya refugees have very limited access to formal justice systems in practice and are largely reliant on informal justice mechanisms. It is important to note that such barriers are not just limited to refugees; poorer Bangladeshi populations including host communities of Cox’s Bazar district also report challenges in accessing state legal systems which are overburdened and expensive.114 Refugees often rely on informal justice mechanisms and raise complaints with majhis (unelected Rohingya representatives selected by Bangladeshi authorities) who decide whether a mediation process should be facilitated through community leaders115 for matters ranging from petty thefts to 108 ACAPS-NPM, Rohingya Response- Impact of COVID-19 on gender programming, 8 June 2020, available at https://www.acaps.org/sites/acaps/files/products/files/20200608_acaps_coxs_bazar_analysis_hub_rohingya_response_co vid19_and_gender_0.pdf 109 2020 Mid-Term Review Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis, January-July 2020, p. 14, available at https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/2020_jrp_mtr_final .pdf 110 ACAPS-NPM, supra n. 108. 111 International Rescue Committee (IRC), GBV Trends Among Rohingya Refugees in Cox’s Bazar, January 2021, available at https://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/document/5553/gbvtrendsamongrohingyarefugeesincoxsbazar-covid19update.pdf. See also, ISCG, ACAPS-NPM, Care, Oxfam and UN Women, In the Shadows of the Pandemic: The Gendered Impact of COVID-19 on Rohingya and host communities, October 2020, available at https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2020/10/ap-drr-in-the-shadowsof-the-pandemic_gendered-impact_october2020-s.pdf?la=en&vs=2357 112 2020 JRP Mid-Term Review, supra n. 109, p.16. 113 Faustina Pereira, Jessica Olney and Azizul Hoque, Community perspectives on access to civil justice after cross-border displacement: The needs of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, Policy Brief, February 2021, available at https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/X-Border_Community-Perspectives-on-Access-to-Civil-Justiceafter-Cross-Border-Displacement-The-needs-of-Rohingya-Refugees-in-Bangladesh.pdf 114 International Rescue Committee (IRC), Access to Justice in Crisis: Legal Empowerment for Rohingya refugees living in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, October 2019, available at https://www.rescue-uk.org/sites/default/files/document/2078/accesstojusticeincrisis.pdf 115 Ibid. Act for Peace / May 2021 29