Frost Comparative Migration Studies (2024) 12:23 someone “enters the service of an enemy state” or “commits or attempts to commit an act deemed to endanger the peace and security of the state.”35 Article 18 also only gives the Cabinet, with approval of the King, the power to revoke nationality. Regardless, after 1988, regulations governed 67er nationality revocations. These regulations expanded the conditions under which Palestinian-Jordanians could lose Jordanian nationality. The first regulations were publicly available (Kingdom of Jordan, 1988a), but subsequent regulations were not (and instead were internal to the MOI).36 The initial, publicly available regulations added residence on the West Bank before July 31, 1988 as a condition for losing nationality. They also stated that the colored identity documents issued in 1983 to track Palestinian movement between the East and West Banks would remain valid. According to this system, those living on the West Bank received green “bridge cards,” while those living on the East Bank received yellow cards. The continued use of the bridge-crossing cards would enable government officials to claim that all green card holders should lose their Jordanian nationality. Thus, the next, more secretive, disengagement regulations added holding a green bridge-crossing card as a condition for nationality revocation.37 These secret regulations came from the MOI’s Follow-Up and Inspection Department, which was created to enforce the disengagement. Although one could argue that the green cards represented West Bank residency, the problem is that not all holders of green cards had lived on the West Bank. Since the government started distributing these cards in the early 1980s, as a rough indicator of population movement, officials were not concerned with the yellow or green distinction and sometimes people received the wrong color card. For example, if the office ran out of yellow cards, it would distribute green cards to everyone that day.38 A second major example of the secret disengagement regulations concerns Palestinian-Jordanians who were not residing on the East or West Bank in July 1988.39 For instance, many Palestinian-Jordanians lived in the Arab Gulf, North America, and Europe. Depending on when they left Jordan, some of these individuals received a green or yellow card, based on where they left from, and others had not received a card.40 The publicly available disengagement regulations did not specify how to treat this group.41 As such, secret MOI regulations instructed staff to withdraw Jordanian nationality from Palestinians who were not living on the East Bank in 1988, rather than only from those living on the West Bank in 1988. Lawyer, Ayman Halaseh (2016), summarizes the “secret” disengagement regulations governing nationality revocation. These include removing Jordanian nationality from: “- Any person that has a Palestinian ID and works for the Palestinian National Authority; 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Ibid. MOI employee (KA74), May 2023. Former MOI official (WD47), May 2023. Jordanian journalist whose relative lost their nationality (QR76), February 2017. Jordanian lawyer and rights activist (OK89), January 2016. Jordanian lawyer (IL24), February 2017. Jordanian professor and political analyst (ZC65), January 2016. This policy became problematic after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, which led approximately 200,000 Jordanians (mainly of Palestinian origin) to flee or be expelled from Kuwait and other Gulf states (Abu Odeh 1999, 233; Brand 1995, 56–57). This raised new challenges of sorting between “Palestinians” and “Jordanians” who were not in Jordan in 1988. Page 13 of 18