This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) International license This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) International license which governs the terms of access and reuse for this work. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the series and number, the year and the publisher. ISSN 1932-1465 © Mai Kaneko-Iwase, Ph.D. (Law), 2026 Published in May 2026 by the European University Institute. Badia Fiesolana, via dei Roccettini 9 I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy Views expressed in this publication are those of the author and not of the European University Institute. The author wishes to thank Prof. Dr. Gerard-René de Groot, Prof. Dr. Maarten Vink, Dr. Luuk van der Baaren and Dr. Laura van Waas for their continued guidance and support, as well as the anonymous peer reviewers for their insightful comments on the draft. Responsibility for the content and any remaining errors rests exclusively with the author. This publication is available in Open Access in Cadmus, the EUI Research Repository: https://cadmus.eui.eu www.eui.eu