AHMR African Human Mobilty Review - Volume 8 No 3, SEP-DEC 2022 some 12 million undocumented migrants left with no route to citizenship and being criminalised.25 This resonated across Europe, through various protests, such as the May 2007 rally ‘From Strangers into Citizens’ in the United Kingdom, and the revival of debate in France over the ‘sans papiers’ — undocumented former migrants from North Africa. Likewise, the 2007 pan-European ‘caravan of the erased’ convoy of activists from Ljubljana (Slovenia) to Brussels protested the cancellation of residency rights and mistreatment of over 18,000 persons who lost their social, economic, and political rights in the aftermath of Slovenia’s independence.26 Regional human rights mechanisms across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas complement the international conventions, institutional processes, and campaigns. The AU’s 2006 Migration Policy Framework for Africa (MPFA), for instance, incorporates guidelines from the 1954 and 1961 Statelessness Conventions. The 2018 revised MPFA and Plan of Action (2018–2030) provide improved strategic guidelines to AU member states and Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in the management of migration. This includes the states’ capacities to ‘develop national policy frameworks to counter statelessness, through long-term residency, reform citizenship legislation, and grant more rights to foreigners in member countries. Other measures include boundary demarcations, protection of the rights of those at risk of loss of nationality, and forced displacement.27 In addition, the African Commission adopted the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) Resolution on Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Internally Displaced Persons in Africa. The April 2013 draft study on the right to nationality in Africa, adopted a multifaceted thought process on the right to nationality in the continent.28 The African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC) — drawing its mandate from articles 32–46 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) — together with the African Court on Human and People’s Rights were instrumental in the formulation of the 2015 Draft Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Specific Aspects of the Right to a Nationality and the Eradication of Statelessness in Africa, adopted by the ACHPR.29 Significant essays and institutional reports have distinguished two contexts in which statelessness emanates — the migratory and in situ contexts of statelessness.30 Statelessness in the migratory context illustrates the migrant stateless persons or those with a migratory background. The in-situ statelessness encompasses the populations in their own country who have stable and significant ties, i.e., through Blitz op cit note 2. Blitz op cit note 22. African Union Commission (AUC) 'Migration Policy Framework for Africa and Plan of Action (2018–2030) (2018), available at https://au.int/en/documents/20181206/migration-policy-framework-africa-mpfa 28 ACHPR op cit note 12 at 10. 29 African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC) 'Draft Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Specific Aspects of the Right to a Nationality and the Eradication of Statelessness in Africa’ (2015). 30 Caia Vlieks 'The concepts "statelessness in situ" and "statelessness in the migratory context" in T Bloom K Tonkiss & P Cole (eds) Understanding Statelessness (2017) 35–52 25 26 27 62