AHMR African Human Mobilty Review - Volume 8 No 3, SEP-DEC 2022 integrated services as a response to statelessness. (c) Forced migration and statelessness: The links Statelessness differs from forced migration, but they might influence each other, leading to increased levels of vulnerability, traumatisation, marginalisation, and discrimination. The nexus between statelessness and forced migration and displacement exists on several levels: (i) statelessness can lead to forced migration; (ii) the vulnerability of individuals and families to statelessness increases as a result of forced migration; and (iii) when one is stateless, it can increase one’s vulnerability in situations of forced migration. In as much as there are connections between forced migration and displacement and statelessness, it is worth highlighting that many people with refugee status following forced migration, globally, are not stateless but are citizens of their countries of origin. Therefore, not all refugees and asylum seekers are stateless and not all stateless persons are refugees or displaced persons. Millions of stateless individuals have never been displaced — and they live in their countries of birth. However, many people are both refugees and stateless: Many stateless persons do not move (though research suggests that 1 in 3 stateless persons has been forcibly displaced), and if they do move, they may or may not be classed as refugees. [Thus,] … while some stateless persons are refugees, and some are migrants, key concerns relating to statelessness will be obscured if we speak only about refugees or migrants.22 One of the consequences of statelessness is forced migration.23 An earlier study reports that most stateless persons are victims of forced displacement. Indeed, statelessness has been described as ‘rooted displacement’ or ‘displacement in situ’ because a stateless person is displaced irrespective of wherever they are.24 Paragraph 72 of the New York Declaration states: ‘We recognize that statelessness can be a root cause of forced displacement and that forced displacement, in turn, can lead to statelessness…’ Forced migration can cause vulnerability to statelessness. This is because the individual might lose their documentation and thus cannot prove their citizenship connection to a specific country.25 Furthermore, during migratory journeys, the parents of children born in transit often experience registration administrative challenges and they may endure hardships trying to prove their citizenship and the child’s eligibility for citizenship. Furthermore, unaccompanied, and separated minors Tendayi Bloom ‘Statelessness and the global compact for migration’ Refugee Law Initiative School of Advanced Study University of London (2017) para 12, available at https://rli.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2017/09/11/statelessness-and-the-global-compact-for-migration/, accessed on 06 April 2022. 23 Mohammad Sajedur Rahman & Nurul Huda Sakib ‘Statelessness, forced migration and the security dilemma along borders: An investigation of the foreign policy stance of Bangladesh on the Rohingya influx’ (2012) SN Soc Sci 1, 159 at 161, available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-021-00173-y, accessed on 09 November 2022. 24 Aimée-Noël Mbiyozo ‘Statelessness in southern Africa: Time to end it, not promote it’ Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (2019) 1 at 9, available at https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/sar32.pdf, accessed on 06 April 2022. 25 Ajwang’ Warria (2020) op cit note 15 6 at 19. 22 46