Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 53 (2021) Ghosts in America: Working Towards Building a Legal Framework for Stateless Individuals in the United States B) Countries that have adopted Statelessness Determination Procedures .............................................................................................................. 372 C) Countries That Could Do More ............................................................ 373 Part Three: Statelessness in the United States .......................... 375 A) Statelessness under United States Immigration Law ............................ 375 B) Current approaches to statelessness ...................................................... 380 1) “Recalcitrant” countries and visa sanctions.................................... 381 2) Order of supervision ........................................................................ 383 3) Repatriation agreements.................................................................. 385 Part Four: Policy Recommendations for the United States ....... 388 A) A New State for the Stateless ................................................................ 390 B) Indefinite Detention............................................................................... 393 C) A Legislative Solution ............................................................................ 394 D) A Needs-Focused Solution ..................................................................... 396 1) Legal status...................................................................................... 397 2) A release from psychological, emotional, and mental insecurity .... 397 3) Economic Stability .......................................................................... 398 4) Freedom to Travel ........................................................................... 399 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 399 Introduction There are “ghosts” living in the United States. 1 And they present an intractable problem for both the international community and the United States. “Ghosts” are refugees in a foreign country who have no country to call home. 2 “Ghosts” is an appropriate name for these individuals because they and their needs are invisible to the States they live in and the international community as a whole. Tatianna Lesnikova is one of these ghosts. 3 In 1992, Tatianna and her son David fled Ukraine because she feared for her son’s safety under 1. See U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees (UNHCR), Helping the World’s Stateless People, at 2 (Sept. 2011) [hereinafter Helping the World’s Stateless People]. 2. See id. at 4. 3. U.N. High Comm’r For Refugees Wash., Statelessness in the United States: Searching for Citizenship, YOUTUBE (Oct. 10, 2016), https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=37&v=1LO78hivXZ8 [https://perma.cc/6WK7-588Q] [hereinafter Statelessness in the United States]; Shaminder Dulai & Moises Mendoza, Stateless: The Ultimate Legal Limbo, NEWSWEEK (Apr. 10, 2015, 6:36 AM), https://www.newsweek.com/stateless-ultimate-legal-limbo-319461 [https://perma.cc/A8QN-NXW5]; U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees & Open Soc’y Just. Initiative, Citizens of Nowhere Solutions for the Stateless in the U.S., at 1 (Dec. 2012) [hereinafter Citizens of Nowhere]. 358