Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 53 (2021) Ghosts in America: Working Towards Building a Legal Framework for Stateless Individuals in the United States discriminatory legislation. 69 For example, in Senegal, male nationals can always pass on Senegalese nationality to their children but female nationals whose children are born out of wedlock, or with a foreigner, must jump through administrative hoops to confer nationality to her children. 70 3) Technical causes “Technical causes” refers to situations where statelessness is accidently caused by gaps in a country’s nationality laws and conflicts between different countries’ citizenship laws. 71 The most common technical way that can cause statelessness is incompatibilities between countries’ nationality laws. 72 Countries most often grant nationalities through either blood relationship (jus sanguinis) or through birth in the country (jus soli). 73 When a child is born to nationals of a country that grants nationality based on jus soli, a country that only confers nationality based on jus sanguinis may not be able to acquire any nationality at birth. 74 Other “technicalities” include: denying nationality to abandoned children, automatic loss of nationality of individuals who reside abroad without registering with a consulate after a specified period of time, and marriage practices of certain countries, under which a non-national loses their citizenship when they marry of a national. 75 Finally, statelessness can also occur when individuals are unable to prove nationality. 76 For example, parents from migrant, displaced, or nomadic communities may have a hard time getting birth certificates for their children in countries with cumbersome requirements for birth registration, such as unreasonable deadlines, excessive fees, or burdensome document requirements. 77 69. Id. 70. Mapping Statelessness in the U.K., supra note 60, at 24. 71. Citizens of Nowhere., supra note 3, at 14. 72. Id. 73. Id. 74. Id. 75. Id. 76. Id. 77. Id. 366