38 Eftychia Mylona
cities were created: Port Said in 1859, Ismailia in 1862, and Port Tawfik
in 1867. Those cities attracted many migrants to Egypt, primarily from
the Eastern Mediterranean and Southern Europe but also from France
and Great Britain. In addition, many sailors and merchants, among
others, passed by or resided in the canal cities, thereby making them,
and especially Port Said, well-connected industrial hubs with
“cosmopolitan” characters.13
As a project of colonial expansion, the opening of the Suez
Canal signaled the “imperial politics of mobility.”14 As Valeska Huber
shows in her work, multiple mobilities were manifested in the canal,
which emerged within several hierarchies and sovereignties: imperial,
local, commercial, and international. The British, as the colonial power
at that time in Egypt, and the French-administered Suez Company had
an important role in shaping mobility in the canal region. Together
with the Egyptian government and its police force, several consulates
of the international community, and private mining and shipping
companies, among others, these bodies represented the multiple
sovereignties and hierarchies at play.15
Colonial and nationalist projects and technological
achievements, together with urban development and architecture
presented as European accomplishments, became predominant
narratives in the historiography of the canal. Nineteenth- and
twentieth-century scholars and observers sketched the canal and its
cities in utopian and romantic colors, and veiled any political, social,
and economic tensions and asymmetries. Lucia Carminati supports the
idea that the histories of the canal acted as “outlets for different political
projects” painted in nationalist or colonial colors. Such accounts
sketched the cities of the canal on a superficial level, as if they were
empty of the lived experiences of the people there.16
Accounts of the working-class communities, who were
predominant in the cities of the canal, were particularly excluded from
those narratives. As I explore below, Greeks’ labor practices were
characterized mainly by working-class networks, primarily in the
shipping industry and construction, and employed either by the Suez
Company or by foreign- or Greek-owned contractor companies.
Greeks’ historical experiences, especially in the period of childhood,
were shaped by economic and political developments in Egypt and the
broader Eastern Mediterranean. In particular, the end of the Ottoman
Empire and the subsequent formation of the Egyptian state, the Suez
Crisis in 1956, the Arab-Israeli Wars in 1967 and 1973, and changes in
Egyptian labor laws in the 1950s and 1960s impacted those Greeks who