In-Between Categories 53 Transmission, Adaptation and Innovation (Oslo: Department of Culture Studies, University of Oslo, 2002), 169–80. For further information as to who was a foreigner in Ottoman Egypt, see Hanley, Identifying with Nationality, 63. Angelos Dalachanis, The Greek Exodus from Egypt: Diaspora Politics and Emigration: 1937–1962 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2017), 3. 11 On relevant literature concerning the opening of the canal, see Caroline Piquet, Histoire du Canal de Suez (Paris: Perrin, 2009); Valeska Huber, Channeling Mobilities: Migration and Globalisation in the Suez Canal Region and Beyond, 1869–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013); Piquet, “Le canal de Suez face aux évolutions de la marine marchande: un siècle et demi de défis techniques,” Artefact 10 (2019): 175–91; Lucia Carminati, “An Unhappy Happy Port: Fin-de-siècle Port Said and Its Connections and Disconnections of Water and Iron,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 54 (2022): 731–39; Kevin A. Tang, “A Venice of the Desert: The Successes and Failures of the Suez Canal in Revitalising Mediterranean Trade,” in Italy and the Suez Canal, from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Cold War, ed. Barbara Curli (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022); Lucia Carminati, Seeking Bread and Fortune in Port Said, 1859–1906 (Oakland: University of California Press, 2023). 12 On the portrayal of Port Said as a cosmopolitan city, see Salma Mobarak, “L’imaginaire cinématographique de Port-Saïd,” Sociétés & Représentations 48, no. 2 (2019): 95–108. On cosmopolitanism, see Will Hanley, “Cosmopolitan Cursing in Late Nineteenth Century Alexandria,” in Cosmopolitanisms in Muslim Contexts: Perspectives from the Past, eds. Derryl N. MacLean and Sikeena Karmali Ahmed (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University, 2013); Hanley, “Grieving Cosmopolitanism in Middle East Studies,” History Compass 6, no. 5 (2008): 1346–67. 13 14 Huber, Channeling Mobilities, 14. Huber, “Connecting Colonial Seas: The ‘International Colonization’ of Port Said and the Suez Canal during and after the First World War,” European Review of History: Revue Européene D’histoire 19, no. 1 (2012): 145; Huber, “Multiple Mobilities, Multiple Sovereignties, Multiple Speeds: Exploring Maritime Connections in the Age of Empire,” International Journal Middle East Studies 48 (2016): 764. 15 Lucia Carminati, “Suez: A Hollow Canal in Need of Peopling: Currents and Stoppages in the Historiography, 1859–1956,” History Compass 19, no. 5 (2021): 1–14. Carminati critically examines scholarly works that idealized the lived experiences of workers at the Suez Canal company, but also those works in Egyptian historiography that unveiled the trauma of such experiences for nationalist agendas. See, for example, Hubert Bonin, History of the Suez Canal Company, 1858–2008: Between Controversy and Utility (Geneva: Droz, 2010). Similarly, for an analysis on the workers of the Aswan High Dam and their experiences in building this national project, see Alia 16