dedicated asylum determination procedures in almost all those European states that have acceded to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Recent research11 reveals that the absence of a route by which stateless persons can regularise their status leaves these individuals at risk of a range of human rights abuses. Many stateless persons find themselves destitute and/or subjected to long term immigration detention despite there being no prospect of return. Few are in a position to break this cycle, and as a consequence are left in legal limbo for years. Recent awareness-raising efforts by ENS and other civil society actors have sought to draw greater attention to this issue12, as well as share good practices13 which would help address this. Recommendations 9. As the Human Rights Council has stated that “[t]he second and subsequent cycles of the review should focus on, inter alia, the implementation of the accepted recommendations and the developments of the human rights situation in the State under review”,14 these recommendations relate back to and build on the recommendation by Ecuador during the First Cycle UPR of Estonia on 28th March 2011, that Estonia “Resolve the problem of persons without citizenship, and prevent such cases from arising in the future”. 10. In this regard, the co-submitting organisations note that despite recent welcome reforms, Estonia still falls short of fulfilling international obligations with respect to the right to a nationality and has failed to establish a legal framework for the protection of stateless persons beyond the specific in situ population of “persons of undetermined citizenship”. Based on our collective and continuous research, advocacy and engagement on the issue of statelessness and in relation to the points made in this submission, in order to address fully the situation of statelessness in the country, it is recommended that: 11 See for example mapping studies conducted by UNHCR in Belgium, Finland, Iceland, Malta, the Netherlands and the UK, available at: http://www.refworld.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&skip=0&query=Mapping+Statelessness&coi 12 See for example European Network on Statelessness, Still Stateless, Still Suffering – Why Europe Must Act Now to Protect Statelss Persons, October 2014, available at: http://www.statelessness.eu/sites/www.statelessness.eu/files/ENS_Still_Stateless_Still_Suffering_online%20versi on_2.pdf 13 See for example European Network on Statelessness, Good Practice Guide on Statelessness Determination and the Protection Status of Stateless Persons, December 2013, available at: http://www.statelessness.eu/sites/www.statelessness.eu/files/attachments/resources/Statelessness%20determin ation%20and%20the%20protection%20status%20of%20stateless%20persons%20ENG.pdf 14 Human Rights Council, Resolution 16/21: Review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council, UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/16/21, April 2011, Annex 1, Para 6.