S TAT E L E S S B Y D E C R E E Kuwait’s persistent disregard - defiance? for international human rights appeals, recommendations and warnings 16 States made recommendations on citizenship in the May 2025 UPR. All were “noted”, not accepted. In the May 2025 Universal Periodic Review (UPR), representatives of 16 states made recommendations to Kuwait relating to its laws and practices of citizenship, including the unfolding citizenship stripping campaign – all of which were “noted” by Kuwait, signalling that it does not commit to implementing it. 25 The recommendations included the following (for the full set of recommendations, see Appendix 5 - Recommendations under the Theme: Rights related to name, identity and nationality, from the 4th Cycle of the UPR): • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nor thern Ireland - Implement policies to ensure that “Ar ticle 8” women whose Kuwaiti nationality has been revoked continue to receive access, without discrimination, to employment, justice, and social services (discussed below); 26 • Kingdom of the Netherlands - Ensure that decisions on the revocation of citizenship are subject to transparent legal procedures and judicial oversight, especially for human rights defenders; 27 • Australia - Fully implement obligations under international law to prevent statelessness, with reference to the revocation of Kuwaiti nationality, and resolving the ongoing legal status of the Bidoon; 28 • Czechia - Improve the status of the stateless population (so-called Bidoons) and refrain from creating new stateless persons as par t of the wave of citizenship revocations. 29 • Germany - Create a more transparent process through which stateless people can appeal against loss of citizenship, and mitigate the adverse effects of statelessness on freedom of movement, par ticularly for women; 30 and • Spain - Ensure legal security and safeguard the rights of those who may have been harmed by the withdrawal of nationality, in line with current international conventions. 31 17