Practices and Approaches in EU Member States to Prevent and End Statelessness _______________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 6 OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................... 7 GLOSSARY OF LATIN TERMS.................................................................... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. 9 1. INTRODUCTION: CONTEXT AND CLARIFICATION OF THE MAIN RESEARCH QUESTIONS, EXPLANATION OF THE METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY .............................................................. 14 1.1 Context and background ..................................................................... 14 1.2 Objectives and structure of the study ................................................. 15 1.3 Methodology ....................................................................................... 18 2. THE INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS......................... 19 3. ASSESSMENT OF MEMBER STATE RULES IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS ................................ 26 3.1 A comparative typology of modes of protection against statelessness: Assessing Member State practices in light of international and European standards............................................................................ 26 3.1.1 Children born in a country who would otherwise be stateless (S01) .......... 28 3.1.2 Foundlings of unknown parentage found in a country (S02) .................... 29 3.1.3 Persons born to a citizen of a country (birth in that country) (S03) .......... 30 3.1.4 Persons born to a citizen of a country (birth abroad) (S04) ..................... 30 3.1.5 Persons who are recognised refugees (S05) .......................................... 31 3.1.6 Stateless persons or persons with unclear citizenship who are not covered by any other mode of protection against statelessness (S06)....................... 31 3.1.7 Persons who voluntarily renounce the citizenship of their country (S07).... 32 3.1.8 Persons who reside outside the country of which they are a citizen (S08).. 32 3.1.9 Persons who render services to a foreign country (S09) ......................... 33 3.1.10 Persons who render military service to a foreign country ........................ 33 3.1.11 Persons who are disloyal to the country of which they are a citizen or whose conduct is seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of that country (S11). 34 3.1.12 Persons who commit other (criminal) offences (S12).............................. 35 3.1.13 Persons who have acquired citizenship by fraud (S13)............................ 35 3.1.14 Persons whose descent from a citizen is annulled or who are adopted by a citizen of another country (S14) .......................................................... 36 3