CBP handles policing the borders and preventing noncitizens from entering the United States. 51 During the first Trump administration and the Biden administration, border deportations of migrants from African Muslim-majority countries significantly increased, in some cases tripling.52 Black immigrants face the intersecting challenges of policing and immigration enforcement. Over-policing in Black communities means that Black immigrants are also more likely to be exposed to the criminal legal system. Mass incarceration disproportionately impacts both Black U.S. citizens and those who are Black migrants. For example, one study found that Black drivers were searched or arrested by police during traffic stops at a rate more than double that of other racial groups: 8.6% of Black drivers, compared to 4.0% of Hispanic drivers, 3.1% of white drivers, and 4.5% of drivers of other races. The share of Black drivers searched or arrested increased between 2020 (5.6%) and 2022 (8.6%).53