50 chapter two A Multifaceted Discrimination Discrimination against non-Jewish citizens penetrates to every corner of Israeli society, from the private to the public sphere, and at social, civil, legal and political levels. According to Arab political scientist As’ad Ghanem, the channelling of rights through Israel’s policy of Jewish dominance can be analyzed at three different levels: the declarative level, the structural level, and the operational level (Ghanem 1998). What becomes evident in the proceeding analysis is that while legal and operational policies do exist in Israel that aim at alleviating the depraved circumstances of marginalized groups and collectives within its society, these measures have largely been fruitless. At best, policies aimed at reducing marginalization are both insufficient and ineffective and, at worst, they are rendered inapplicable to the case of Palestinian-Arab citizens. Instead, such measures are often employed by their liberal-Zionist adherents as a distraction from any genuine conversation about the ensconced inequality of Israel’s Arab citizenry. Before I begin to outline the extent of the entrenched discrimination against Arab citizens at the declarative level, the structural level, and the operational level, I would like to examine recent devastating developments taking place in Israel at the legislative level. Here, the legislative level is treated as a distinct area of analysis because of its particular function in the reproduction of the Jewish nation-state. Legislative Level Questions of representation and democracy are not new to the Arab population in Israel. They emerged with the establishment of the Jewish state and have grown increasingly acute since the Al-Aqsa Intifada. This period of Arab existence in Israel witnessed the development of an additional mechanism of disenfranchisement to the existing inferior political, social, and legal status of Arabs in Israel, and came in the form of a strong attack on Arab citizenship rights and status. Following the outbreak of the second Intifada, the state began to propose legislation aimed at diluting, both formally and informally, the civil status of Palestinian citizens and further impeding their existing limited sphere of political action. Through legislative and constitutional amendments, governmental policies, and the radicalization of the public discourse on Arabs in Israel, ­previously dormant political beliefs and biases were enabled, thereby generating new forms of discrimination. Having identified more than thirty key laws