180 chapter five citizenship,­ hollow citizenship, mere citizenship, something less than citizenship, and a citizenship emptied of real content. Whether it is Bishara’s comparison between incidental and substantive citizenship, Zreik’s attention to potential and actual citizenship, Peled’s distinction between liberal democratic versus Jewish ethnorepublican citizenship, or Rouhana and Sulta­ny’s concept of citizens without citizenship, scholarly developments in the research on Palestinians have largely tried to answer the question of what Arab citizenship means by pointing to an absence of benefits, protection, identification and representation accompanying formal Israeli citizenship. On the question of how the space for Palestinian citizenship has (d)evolved, (de)generated, and been (re)drawn, the above literature has mainly focused, as most impressive social science research of recent vintage does, on structural, institutional, conceptual, ideological, sociological, legal, racial, historical, economic, and gendered tendencies within the Israeli incorporation regime. In other words, it is through these and other disciplinary lenses that the academic literature has approached the question of how this Palestinian citizenship came to embody its existing exclusive dynamics. As a result, these formulations of Arab citizenship, of its features and dynamics, depict it as missing something, as an incomplete or partial citizenship whose structure cannot be used to sustain a liberal democratic society. For Arabs, Israeli citizenship lacks a symbolic element, is deficient in a range of rights and privileges, and is wanting of any genuine content. Thus, in answering the question of how this deprived citizenship is generated and maintained, along with the way in which its relations of exclusion are created, the focus of these scholars has often been limited to the rights, freedoms, resources, benefits, and discourses that are lacking, exclusionary or made inaccessible. This book does not contest these conclusions. On the contrary, it is upon the impressive and rich critical sociological scholarship on Palestinians in Israel that this book is based, and from which it seeks conceptualize an analytical framework for understanding how the dynamics of Palestinian citizenship have developed. However, the above scholarship has left out an important and elemental part of the answer to how Palestinian citizenship is maintained: the means, the actual medium, through which, by which, and from which marginalized Palestinian existence is maintained in Israel is citizenship itself. Key to the project revolving around the paradigm of stateless citizenship is both to build on and move beyond the discourse of citizens without citizenship. Arabs living in ‘Israel proper’ have citizen status with citizenship rights, however limited. This is not a controversial point to make, nor does it describe anything