from citizenship to stateless citizenship163 officials, military advisers, and other social and cultural centres of authority within Israel. Part and parcel of his critical approach to Palestinian sociology in this book is a meticulous outline of major theoretical frameworks and techniques of control in deeply divided societies. Reading the Zionist project through a pragmatic lens, Lustick appears to take as genuine the expressions and declarations of intent made by leading Zionist figures regarding the Arab minority. He holds that, though the Zionist leadership aimed otherwise, the “irrelevance of … factors and policy objectives for the actual ordering of relations between Arabs and Jews” made it so that Arabs were “dealt with purely on the basis of what was expedient for the specific objectives of the regime in the early years of statehood” (Lustick 1980, 39–40). That said, Lustick continues to unapologetically explain: The regime did not want, nor did it strive to achieve, the integration or absorption of the Arab population into the Jewish community. Neither did it entertain seriously the possibility of wholesale expulsion, though various schemes of population transfer were discussed. Rather it set out to maintain the social segregation of Arabs and Jews, to extract certain important resources from the Arab population, and to regulate and direct the behaviour of the Arab minority to serve the interests of the Jewish majority. This Israeli policy toward the Arab minority was determined by an overriding objective – to control the Arab community in Israel rather than to eliminate, integrate, absorb, or develop it (Lustick 1980, 63–64). This system of control within which Arabs in Israel are placed is, Lustick holds, composed of three separate components, namely segmentation, dependence and co-optation, each with interrelated networks of relationships: Segmentation refers to the isolation of the Arab minority from the Jewish population and the Arab minority’s internal fragmentation. Dependence refers to the enforced reliance of Arabs on the Jewish majority for important economic and political resources. Co-optation refers to the use of side payments to Arab elites or potential elites for the purposes of surveillance and resource extraction (Lustick 1980, 77). These components of control are then individually looked at through three analytical levels: the structural level which includes social, cultural, historical and economic factors, the institutional level which examines the exclusion of Arabs at an institutional level, and the programmatic level which points to Zionist policies and laws that maintain the above structural conditions and institutional arrangements. Throughout this analysis Lustick provides extensive data outlining the extent of land expropriated