162 chapter five Modern nation-states are obsessed with exhibiting signs of sovereignty, authority, and territoriality. Among the essential requirements of a state are [sic] the ability to control entry and exit, define belonging and exclusion, and patrol the territorial boundaries. The passport becomes a certification tool for authorizing the construction of citizenship. …. What makes the Israeli case intriguing is that none of these elements of statehood – borders, population composition, and sovereignty – have yet been finalized and legitimated. What to do with the Palestinians, both inside Israel and in the Occupied Territories, remains a contested issue.19 The intricacies and dynamics of the Zionist system of control and expulsion to which Zureik points above were outlined in the second major scholarly publication in the West, this time from the American academia, on Arabs in Israel. A revised version of the author’s doctoral thesis at the Department of Political Science at Berkeley, and published one year after Zureik’s book, Ian Lustick’s Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel’s Control of a National Minority (1980) is a penetrating study of the mechanisms of control to which Arabs in Israel are exposed. Defining Arabs as a “national minority” and focusing on the question of control – both of which were previously largely unexplored terrains of study – Lustick begins his examination with a focused question: “How, indeed, is the striking political quiescence of Israel’s Arab minority to be explained” (Lustick 1980, 5)? With this, he quickly clarifies that his purpose is specifically to analyze the control system within which Arabs are located, how it has operated and why it has been so successful (Lustick 1980, 27). He argues: [T]he failure of Israel’s Arab minority to ‘organize itself’ and the minimal significance, to date, of the communal segmentation of Israeli society for the operation and stability of the Israeli political system are due to the presence of a highly effective system of control which, since 1948, has operated over Israeli Arabs (Lustick 1980, 25). Though rejecting the apartheid characterization of the Zionist regime, Lustick holds that Israel’s sophisticated system of control was able to effectively “manipulate the Arab minority, to prevent it from organizing on an independent basis, and to extract from it resources required for the development of the Jewish sector” (Lustick 1980, 26). Supporting Lustick’s thoughtful examination are numerous first-hand narratives provided by Arab lawyers, students, communal leaders, farmers, villagers and workers, among others, of their marginalized situation, interspersed with statements and perceptions of the community by founding fathers, government­ 19 Ibid.