the israeli incorporation regime105 African experience, the racism of modern Israel is a particular and simultaneous outcome of all three mechanisms of settler colonialism, occupation and apartheid. Apartheid is a criminal political and legal system that can be replicated by any political agent and structure, and our condemnations of such structures should not be limited to their realization in the South African experience. Consequently, “the resulting descriptions of Israel as being ‘apartheid-like’ and characterizations of an apartheid analysis of Israel as an ‘apartheid analogy’” are incorrect and problematic.134 Another important assertion by Mac Allister, crucial for any political position against Israeli apartheid, is that the oppressive regime of segregation is applied across the imagined borders of the country. Despite differences in the legal categorization of ‘Israel proper’, Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the refugee camps in the Arab world, the laws and policies of the Israeli incorporation regime maintains a geographic continuity and affects all Palestinian nationals. Granted, certain apartheid laws, policies and practices will have varied effects on different parts of the Palestinian nation.135 Nevertheless, as Mac Allister states: A central point to keep in mind … is that regardless of the variation in the ways in which Israeli apartheid affects different segments of the Palestinian population, since it is the same state operating on behalf of the Zionist Jewish Israeli group that is implementing these laws, policies and practices with the clear goal of establishing and maintaining the domination of that group in Israel and the OPT, then it is inaccurate to consider the violations as limited to one area; a mistake made by many in limiting their analysis of Israeli apartheid to a particular geographic area or a particular segment of Palestinian society.136 This point echoes that of Israeli Professor of political geography and urban planning, Oren Yiftachel. Defining the changing political geography of Israel-Palestine as “creeping apartheid,” Yiftachel explains that it is best understood as a process where a hierarchy of rights based on ethnic ­affiliation has evolved to an established discriminatory legal system. 134 Jamjoum, “Not an analogy,” The Electronic Intifada. 135 On this point Mac Allister gives the example of the denial of the right of return, included in Article II(c) of the Convention on Apartheid, as disproportionately targeting Palestinian refugees and internally displaced persons, inside Israel, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, in neighbouring Arab states and overseas. Here we can also include Israeli land laws which deny Palestinian citizens access to around 93 percent of the land, along with the recent amendments to the land laws preventing the return of confiscated land to its original owners, included in Article II (d) of the Convention on Apartheid, as disproportionately targeting Palestinian citizens. 136 Mac Allister, “Applicability of the Crime of Apartheid to Israel,” al-Majdal.