graduate from high school without a CRC. (See Annex I for case studies illustrating this issue.) Employment 38. Undocumented people have extremely limited – to no - access to the formal labour market.72 Among the Afghan refugees, self-employment and daily labour are the most common income sources.73 However, Pakistan’s economy is largely informal and comprises many informal workers.74 UNHCR in their Livelihood Strategy, stated that the possession of a CNIC was a pre-requisite for accessing formal employment opportunities.75 Housing 39. The Rohingyas and ethnic Bengalis reside in squalor in Karachi with limited facilities. Registered Afghan refugees (PoR cardholders) reside in rural camps which are also known as ARVs, which also house Pakistani citizens.76 As of August 2021, there are 54 such ARVS in Pakistan and among them 43 are located in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 10 in the province of Balochistan and one in the province of Punjab.77 The living situation in the ARVs has been reported to be precarious with inadequate basic services including health care, education and electricity.78 Healthcare 40. The Afghan Displacement Solutions Platform (ADSP) report states that all Afghans living in Pakistan had access to health services at primary, secondary and tertiary level hospitals.79 The access to healthcare was reported to be adequate according to a study conducted with 299 Afghan respondents.80 However, free access to healthcare services 72 European Union Agency for Asylum, ‘Pakistan, Situation of Afghan Refugees: Country of Origin Information Report’ (LU: Publications Office, May 2022), [Available at: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2847/613763] accessed July 13, 2022. 73 K M Mielke et al., ‘Figurations of Displacement in and beyond Pakistan,’ Transnational Figurations of Displacement (TRAFIG), (Working paper, August 2021), [Available at: <https://trafig.eu/output/workingpapers/figurations-of-displacement-in-and-beyond-pakistan/D054-TWP-Figurations-of%20DisplacementPakistan-Mielke-etal-2021-v02p-2021-11-05.pdf>, accessed July 13, 2022] at 28. 74 Ibid. 75 UNHCR, ‘Livelihoods Strategy: 2018 - 2021 Pakistan’ (10 February 2020), [Available at: <https://adsp.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/PS-8_LIVELIHOODS-STRATEGY-2018%E2%80%932021.pdf], accessed July 13, 2022. 76 K M Mielke et al., ‘Figurations of Displacement in and beyond Pakistan,’ Transnational Figurations of Displacement (TRAFIG), (Working paper, August 2021), [Available at: <https://trafig.eu/output/workingpapers/figurations-of-displacement-in-and-beyond-pakistan/D054-TWP-Figurations-of%20DisplacementPakistan-Mielke-etal-2021-v02p-2021-11-05.pdf>, accessed July 13, 2022] at 4. 77 Arshad Yusufzai, “The Refugee Question” The News, (Online, 1 August 2021), <https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/870855-the-refugee-question>, accessed July 5, 2022. 78 European Union Agency for Asylum, ‘Pakistan, Situation of Afghan Refugees: Country of Origin Information Report’ (LU: Publications Office, 2022), [Available at: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2847/613763] accessed July 13, 2022. 79 Afghan Displacement Solutions Platform (ADSP), ‘On the Margins: Afghans in Pakistan’ (Report, December 2018), <https://adsp.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ADSP_Report_AfghansinPakistan-1.pdf> accessed July 13, 2022. 80 K M Mielke et al., ‘Figurations of Displacement in and beyond Pakistan,’ Transnational Figurations of Displacement (TRAFIG), (Working paper, August 2021), [Available at: 12