2017] Citizenship Stripping Laws in the UK, Canada and Australia 17 The right of abode can be limited by restrictions that are lawfully imposed.75 In January 2015, the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 (UK) (‘CTSA’) introduced a suite of new administrative powers designed to facilitate exclusion and the disruption of the mobility of persons deemed to pose a security risk. One of the key features of the CTSA is the Temporary Exclusion Order (‘TEO’) — an order which the Home Secretary may issue to prevent a citizen outside the UK from returning to the UK for a two-year period.76 After, or during, this period additional TEOs may be imposed.77 In order to issue a TEO, the Home Secretary must be satisfied of five criteria.78 Most significantly, he or she must ‘reasonably suspect[] that the individual is, or has been, involved in terrorismrelated activity outside the United Kingdom’,79 and ‘reasonably consider[] that it is necessary, for purposes connected with protecting members of the public in the United Kingdom from a risk of terrorism’.80 The TEO regime has the capacity to lock a citizen out of the UK indefinitely. There is no limit to the number of times that an additional TEO can be imposed on top of the initial two-year order. However, the primary purpose of the scheme is not exile but is to provide a mechanism via which excluded citizens can return to the UK in a managed way. A citizen subject to a TEO can apply for a permit to re-enter the UK, which will typically be granted,81 but can be made subject to conditions with which the citizen must comply for the permit to remain valid.82 Such conditions can include obligations incumbent upon the 75 Ibid. 76 Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 (UK) ss 2(1), 2(5), 4(3)(b) (‘CTSA’). TEOs can also apply to non-citizens who have a right of abode in the UK: at s 2(6). 77 Ibid s 4(8). 78 Ibid ss 2(2), 2(3)–(7). 79 Ibid s 2(3). 80 Ibid s 2(4). Other conditions are that the Secretary of State reasonably considers that the individual is outside the UK, and that the individual has a right of abode in the UK: at ss 2(5)–(6). Finally, the Secretary of State must either obtain permission to impose a TEO, or ‘reasonably consider[] that the urgency of the case requires a [TEO] to be imposed without obtaining [prior judicial] permission’: at s 2(7). See also Zedner, ‘Citizenship Deprivation, Security and Human Rights’ (n 12) 228; Jessie Blackbourn and Clive Walker, ‘Interdiction and Indoctrination: The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015’ (2016) 79 Modern Law Review 840, 849–56; Helen Fenwick, ‘Responding to the ISIS Threat: Extending Coercive Non-Trial-Based Measures in the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015’ (2016) 30 International Review of Law, Computers and Technology 174, 176–8. 81 CTSA (n 76) s 6(1). The permit can, however, be denied if the Secretary of State requests that the citizen attend an interview with a constable or immigration officer and the citizen fails to attend: at s 6(2). 82 Ibid ss 5(2)–(3). Advance Copy