1993 August 4 The Hutu-led Rwandan government and the Tutsi-led RPF sign the Arusha Accords to end the three-year civil war. In addition to providing for a power-sharing arrangement, the establishment of a transition government, and the repatriation of refugees, the Accords include an agreement to end ethnic identification requirements. 1994 April 30 The U.N. Security Council condemns the killings in a resolution but refuses to use the term “genocide.” July 4 The genocide ends with the RPF taking control of Kigali, Rwanda’s capital city, after securing significant parts of the country. November 8 The U.N. establishes the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) to “prosecute persons responsible for genocide.” Over the course of its work, the Tribunal indicted 93 and issued sentences to 62 perpetrators. It also became the first tribunal to interpret the crime of genocide and conceptualize rape as a method of genocide. April 6 Rwanda President Juvénal Habyarimana is killed when his plan is shot down over Rwanda’s capital city, Kigali. The Tutsi-led RPF is accused of being responsible and, within hours of the plane crash, state-sponsored radio announcers call on Hutu “patriots” to kill Tutsi. Over the next 100 days, Hutu perpetrators kill an estimated 75 percevnt, or 800,000 Tutsi women, men, and children. Most killings are carried out by hand, with machetes or clubs, and included other acts of violence, such as rape. July 19 A transitional government of national unity is established with Pasteur Bizimungu, a Hutu, as president and RPF leader Paul Kagame, a Tutsi, as vice president. 1996 Rwanda’s post-genocide government removes the “ethnic group” category from its national identity cards. 1998 July 17 2001 A law is introduced to prevent “divisionism” in Rwanda by making ethnic self-identification a criminal offense with penalties of up to 30 years’ imprisonment and fines up to US$8,000. The Rome Statute is enacted to establish the International Criminal Court (ICC), the first permanent judicial body mandated to prosecute atrocity crimes. 2003 June 27 The Organic Law of 2003 is enacted to forbid “ethnic ideology” and “genocide mentality.” 2008 Paper identification cards are replaced with plastic electronic ones that continue to exclude racial categories. Further restrictions are put into place to prevent the use of the terms “Hutu” and “Tutsi” in public and particularly in the political sphere.