country. The only international protection they receive is through the joint UNHCR/Government of Bangladesh registration process where they are registered as “Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals” and not as refugees which cannot be considered a durable solution to the protracted refugee situation. There are no pathways to Bangladeshi citizenship and the resettlement opportunities are scarce. They also have no access to the formal economic market and are restricted to enrol in Bangladeshi schools. 40. According to UNICEF, nearly half a million Rohingya children living in the world’s largest refugee camp are deprived of quality education, developmental opportunities and face disease outbreaks, malnutrition, risks related to neglect, exploitation and violence including gender-based violence, child marriage and child labour. Between 2016 and 2017, Bangladeshi authorities expelled more than 4,000 refugee children from schooling who were attending formal education outside the refugee camp.38 41. Insecurities continue to occur in refugee camps in Bangladesh. Rohingyas’ right to movement is restricted and livelihood opportunities are limited to underpaid NGO volunteering jobs. The refugee youths face risk of being manipulated by the non-state armed groups to engage in violent activities. Reportedly increased gun violence in the camps near the Bangladesh-Myanmar border, together with killings of community leaders and activists, 39 have added to the physical risks of the camp dwellers and have compelled them to take dangerous boat journeys refugees to other countries. UNHCR released new data in January 2023 stating some 3,545 Rohingya refugees undertook perilous sea voyages in 2022, to seek safety and new opportunities, a fivefold increase on 2021, when around 700 people made similar journeys. The report says, at least 348 individuals lost their lives or went missing at sea in 2022, making it one of the deadliest years since 2014.40 42. In February 2023, Bangladesh Defence Ministry reported that, between January 2021 and December 2022, there were 222 fire incidents in the Rohingya camps including 60 cases of arson. In March 2021, at least 15 people were killed and some 50,000 displaced after a huge fire tore through a camp in the settlement. 41 Two years on, more than 12,000 people lost their shelters in a devastating fire burning down 2,000 shelters and 90 facilities including health centre, learning centres and women's safe space, according to UNHCR.42 Landslides during the last monsoon season have reportedly killed dozens of refugees including children and pregnant women, and displaced hundreds of families.43 43. In the 2022 Joint Response Plan for the Rohingya humanitarian crisis received less than half of the US$881 million needed for the year, the UN warned that refugees risked serious shortages in food and other essentials. Experts warned that food shortages could 38 https://www.unicef.org/appeals/bangladesh Tanbirul Miraj Ripon, ‘Targeted Killings Spread Terror in Rohingya Refugee Camps’, The Diplomat, (15 November 2022) available at: https://thediplomat.com/2022/11/targeted-killings-spread-terror-in-rohingya-refugee-camps/. 40 UNHCR, ‘UNHCR seeks comprehensive regional response to address rise in deadly South-East Asia sea journeys’, (17 January 2023) available at: https://www.unhcr.org/en-au/news/briefing/2023/1/63c66c3c4/unhcr-seeks-comprehensive-regionalresponse-address-rise-deadly-south-east.html and Council of Minorities, Rohingya Free Coalition and the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, ‘Joint Submission to the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants in Bangladesh’, (29 January 2023), available at: https://files.institutesi.org/Submission_SR_Human_Rights_Of_Migrants_Bangladesh.pdf. 41 ‘Rohingya camp fire was ‘planned sabotage’ – investigators’, BBC, (13 March 2023), available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64935831. 42 Rebecca Ratcliffe, ‘Huge fire at Rohingya refugee camp leaves thousands without shelter’, The Guardian, (6 March 2023), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/06/rohingya-refugee-camp-fire-bangladesh-coxs-bazar. 43 UNHCR, ‘Flash Update #7 on Monsoon Response of 8 September 2022’, (15 September 2022), available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/flash-update-7-monsoon-response-08-september-2022-coxs-bazar-bangladesh. 39 9