• • Lack of social support and re-integration services for separated children (often of imprisoned adults), survivors of sexual violence, and other trafficking survivors. Failure to provide household registration to returnees, leading to ongoing abuse and vulnerabilities. Prevention of trafficking among Rohingya refugees, IDPs and stateless people 12. Exposure to violence and experiences of increasing movement restrictions and deteriorating living conditions in both Myanmar and Bangladesh cause Rohingyas to leave out of desperation and with inadequate funds and preparations, further increasing the risks of exploitation. Whilst some Rohingya are ‘tricked’ by brokers or given a false sense of hope regarding safety and access to livelihoods in other countries such as Malaysia, others undertake dangerous journeys with knowledge of the risks. “Many families know the journey to another country has huge risks, but they try it anyway. People think if they are lucky on their journey, their families in Rakhine will have support to survive. The risk of being arrested on the route and sentenced to two to five years in prison does not stop them. The risk of rape does not stop them. Even the risk of death does not stop families from making these decisions. It’s the limitations and restrictions here in Rakhine that makes them take the risks.” A Rohingya women teacher in Sittwe, 2022.11 13. For over 30 years, Rohingyas in Myanmar have been subject to oppressive registration and administrative systems, discriminatory policies and systems of impunity, which have imposed severe restrictions on movement, segregated Rohingyas in pockets of Rakhine State, and severely limited Rohingyas’ access to livelihoods and income earning opportunities. This has created food insecurities and poverty, leaving Rohingya households vulnerable to external shocks, including conflict, disease, and political upheaval.12 Restrictions on movement and livelihoods are replicated by the Bangladesh government for Rohingya refugees in the camps. Rohingya households in Rakhine State and in the refugee camps of Bangladesh are often dependent on remissions from family members working overseas – most of whom work in informal economies and themselves lack travel documents, legal status and the right to work. This limits access to safe and decent work and leaves family members working overseas at increased risk of labour exploitation. Rohingya households are often heavily indebted.13 14. These financial pressures on Rohingya households and intersectional forms of discrimination mean that Rohingya women and girls are particularly at risk. ISI’s recent report on dangerous journeys from and through Myanmar for Rohingyas14, identified some of the gendered drivers of forced migration in Myanmar and Bangladesh. These include: 11 Quote taken from ISI’s Dangerous Journeys report, supra note 3 Supra note 3 13 The Asia Foundation and BRAC University, Navigating at the Margins: Family, Mobility and Livelihoods Amongst Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh, 2020, Available at: https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Navigating-theMargins_Family-Mobility-and-Livelihoods-Amongst-Rohingya-in-Bangladesh.pdf [accessed 28 February 2023] 14 Supra note 3 12 4