Report on Citizenship Law: Zambia person born in or outside Zambia was a citizen if at least one parent (father or mother) was a citizen at the time of birth – removing the previous gender discrimination applied those born outside the country, and the limitation in case the father was not himself born in the country.52 The Constitution removed the right to citizenship based only on birth in Zambia, and instead created an entitlement for those people born in Zambia after 1973 if the father was an ‘established resident’, provided also that such people applied to the Citizenship Board confirming their Zambian citizenship upon attaining the age of 21 years and renounced any alternative citizenship they held.53 An established resident was defined as a person who had lawfully resided in Zambian for a period of at least four years but was not a Zambian citizen.54 Secondly, the 1973 Constitution retained citizenship by naturalisation but extended it only to people who were either 21 years old or married women and had been resident in Zambia for at least ten years (increased from five) immediately preceding the application.55 Third, the 1973 Constitution added a requirement for three years’ residence in Zambia for women married to a Zambian citizen to be eligible to apply for registration as a citizen.56 Fourth, the Citizenship Act, 1975 empowered the President, in his discretion, to direct that non-citizens who act acted honourably, be registered as citizens as a token of honour57 and where special circumstances exist to warrant a person’s registration as a citizen.58 Fifth, this regime introduced an entitlement for a person born to a non-citizen father at the time of the person’s birth and who ceased to be a citizen as a consequence of failing to renounce their alternative citizenship by decent to apply for registration as a citizen.59 Registration as a citizens under this category could be granted on condition that the applicant renounce the alternative citizenship within 3 months of being informed that their application had been granted.60 Furthermore, the 1973 Constitution empowered Parliament to enact a law discounting the time of residence in Zambia under a permit from being considered when determining eligibility to register as a citizen.61 This provision was ultimately set out in the Zambia Citizenship Act, 1975,62 which retained the other conditions for registration of citizenship but, in line with the new constitution, increased the time of ordinary residence in Zambia from 5 years to 10 years.63 As was the case under the Independence Constitution, this qualifying residence period would not include time of residence under a permit.64 This confusing provision appears to be derived from the terms of Independence Constitution allowing for periods of residence under 52 Article 6 of the 1973 Constitution Section 7(2) of the 1973 Constitution 54 Article 12(2) of the 1973 Constitution 55 Article 7(3) (c) of the 1973 Constitution 56 Article 8(1) (b) of the 1973 Constitution 57 Per section 13(1) of the Citizenship Act 1975 58 Per section 13(2) of the Citizenship Act 1975 59 Section 19(3) of the Citizenship Act 1975 60 Section 19(3) of the Citizenship Act 1975 61 Article 8(3) of the 1973 Constitution 62 Section 18 of the Citizenship Act No 26 of 1975 63 Article 8(1) (c) (ii) of the 1973 Constitution 64 Article 8(3) of the Constitution as read with section 18 of the Citizenship Act, 1975 53 RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-CR 2020/14 - © 2020 Author(s) 9