could be influenced by irregular denaturalizations as well as by fraudulent naturalizations.”). 240. The Naturalization Act of 1906, Pub. L. No. 59-338, § 15; Gorbach v. Reno, 219 F.3d 1087, 1099-1100 (9th Cir. 2000). 241. United States v. Adiellizio, 77 F.2d 841 (2d Cir. 1935) (“Any doubt as to whether the Act of 1870 purported to punish the procurement by fraud of certificates which did not relate to naturalization must, under well-recognized principles, be construed against the broadening the scope of a criminal statute.”); see generally Amouzadeh v. Winfrey, 467 F.3d 451, 457 (5th Cir. 2006) (“[There is] no basis for concluding that Congress intended to criminalize procurement of naturalization that is contrary to law when applicant or procurer does not know that naturalization is contrary to law[.]”). and the Origins of the American Republic 52 (2013). 250. This figure is derived from data on Naturalization Cancellations in the United States, 1907-1973, compiled by Patrick Weil. See Patrick Weil, The Sovereign Citizen: Denaturalization and the Origins of the American Republic Appendix 3 (2013). 251. Aram A. Gavoor and Daniel Miktus, Snap: How the Moral Elasticity of the Denaturalization Statute Goes Too Far, 25 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 637, 651 (2015). 252. Patrick Weil, The Sovereign Citizen: Denaturalization and the Origins of the American Republic 95 (2013); Cassandra Burke Robertson and Irina D. Manta, (Un)Civil Denaturalization, 94 New York University Law Review 402, 427 (2019), https://www.nyulawreview.org/ wp-content/uploads/2019/06/NYULawReview-94-3-RobertsonMantapdf.pdf. 242. See Patrick Weil, The Sovereign Citizen: Denaturalization and the Origins of the American Republic 52 (2013) (drawing distinction between administrative “clean up” in the early 20th Century and political denaturalization after World War I). 253. See Patrick Weil, The Sovereign Citizen: Denaturalization and the Origins of the American Republic 56 (2013) (categories added included draft evasion, joining a foreign army, and participating in foreign elections). 243. Memorandum from Sam Bernsen, Gen. Counsel, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), Legal Opinion Regarding Service Exercise of Prosecutorial Discretion at 4 (Jul. 15, 1976), https://www.ice.gov/doclib/ foia/prosecutorial-discretion/service-exercise-pd.pdf. 254. Cassandra Burke Robertson and Irina D. Manta, (Un) Civil Denaturalization, 94 New York University Law Review 402, 427 (2019), https://www.nyulawreview.org/ wp-content/uploads/2019/06/NYULawReview-94-3-RobertsonMantapdf.pdf. 244. ICE, Special Agent’s Field Manual, Chapter 22 - Denaturalization Investigations (Jan. 15, 2008), https://www. hoppocklawfirm.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ Pre-2008-Denatz-Handbook.pdf. (This manual was in effect until 2008, at which time it was superseded by OI HB 08-01, ICE’s Denaturalization Investigations Handbook, which does not reference prioritization). 255. H.R. Rep. No. 82-1365, 1740, 1741 (1952) (“The bill changes the basis for judicial revocation of naturalization from fraud and illegal procurement to procurement by concealment of a material fact or by willful misrepresentation.”). See also Aram A. Gavoor and Daniel Miktus, Snap: How the Moral Elasticity of the Denaturalization Statute Goes Too Far, 25 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 637 (2015). 245. Id. 256. S. Rep. No. 1515, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. 755-58 (1950). 246. Patrick Weil, The Sovereign Citizen: Denaturalization and the Origins of the American Republic 30 (2013). 257. S. Rep. No. 1515, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. 769 (1950). Aram A. Gavoor and Daniel Miktus, Snap: How the Moral Elasticity of the Denaturalization Statute Goes Too Far, 25 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 637, 653 n.115 (2015) (citing H.R. Rep. No. 82-1365, 1740, 1741 (1952) (“The bill changes the basis for judicial revocation of naturalization from fraud and illegal procurement to procurement by concealment of a material fact or by willful misrepresentation.”)). 247. Comment, Denaturalization of Nazi War Criminals: Is There Sufficient Justice for Those Who Would Not Dispense Justice? 40 Md. L. Rev. 39, 54 (1981); See also Aram A. Gavoor and Daniel Miktus, Snap: How the Moral Elasticity of the Denaturalization Statute Goes Too Far, 25 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 637, 651 n.101 (2015) (citing H.R.REP.NO. 72-1353 (1932), S.REP.72-808(1932), and H.R.REP.NO. 74-1023 (1935)); Schneiderman, 320 U.S. 118, 132 n.8 (1942) (“Bills to write a definition of ‘communist’ into the Immigration and Deportation Act of 1918 as amended . . . and to provide for the deportation of ‘communists’ failed to pass Congress in 1932 and again in 1935.”). 248. Comment, Denaturalization of Nazi War Criminals: Is There Sufficient Justice for Those Who Would Not Dispense Justice? 40 Md. L. Rev. 39, 55 (1981). 249. Patrick Weil, The Sovereign Citizen: Denaturalization Endnotes 258. S. Rep. No. 1515, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. 769 (1950). 259. See Marion T. Bennett, American Immigration Policies 154 (1963). 260. Andrew Nagorski, The Nazi Hunters 247 (2016). 261. Id. at 244. 262. Id. 263. The National Security Archive, Justice Department Censors Nazi-Hunting History, The George Washington 173