Financing for Uganda Reproductive, Maternal and Child Heath Services Improvement Project,” 11. The incoming Executive Director of NIRA confirmed these numbers in her acceptance speech, saying that only 159,031 out of the 1,289,600 projected annual births had been registered. Rosemary Kisembo, “Acceptance Speech of the Executive Director” (National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA), May 30, 2021), https:// www.nira.go.ug/about-nira/edz-message/acceptancespeech-of-the-executive-director, 2. 196 “Gov’t Might Take Another 8 Years before Registering All Ugandans.” The Independent Uganda, May 15, 2021. https://www.independent.co.ug/govt-might-takeanother-8-years-before-registering-all-ugandans/ 197 Death registration was estimated to be around 24% in 2016, but this number has likely gone down in the past five years. Uganda Bureau of Statistics and ICF, “Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016,” 44. 198 Among the recommendations from a diagnostic conducted by the World Bank’s Identification for Development team was the need to transition away from a campaign based model to a continuous operating model. World Bank, “ID4D Diagnostic Report: Uganda,” 41. 199 Auditor General, “A Value for Money Audit Report on the Identification and Registration of Persons by the National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA),” 17. 200 Please see Annex 1. 201 Hon. Obiga Kania, Minister of State for Internal Affairs, “Statement to Parliament on Decentralisation of NIRA Services,” 9. 202 Patrick Jaramogi, “Exclusive: NIRA Corruption Rot Unearthed, Museveni Fires Six Top Officials,” Shift Media News, August 17, 2020, https://shiftmedianews.com/ exclusive-nira-corruption-rot-unearthed-musevenifires-six-top-officials/. 203 Hansard Parliamentary Debates (Uganda), March 11, 2020, 11. 204 Auditor General, “Report of the Auditor General on the Financial Statements of the National Identification and Registration Authority for the Year Ended 30th June 2019,” 5. 205 Republic of Uganda, “Consolidated Ministerial Policy Statements FY 2019/20,” 2019, https://budget. go.ug/sites/default/files/National%20Budget%20 docs/Consolidated%20Ministerial%20Policy%20 Statements%20FY%20201920_compressed.pdf. 206 Hon. Obiga Kania, Minister of State for Internal Affairs, “Statement to Parliament on Decentralisation of NIRA Services,” 10. 207 World Bank, “Procurement Plan, Uganda Reproductive Maternal Child Health Services Improvement Project,” July 17, 2017, 2, 4, 6. 208 Auditor General, “A Value for Money Audit Report on the Identification and Registration of Persons by the National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA),” 19. 209 “Museveni Fires National ID Boss Gama,” accessed May 30, 2021, https://observer.ug/news/headlines/65147museveni-fires-national-id-boss-gama. 210 Parliament of Uganda, “MPs Call for Forensic Audit on National Identification and Registration Authority,” July 8, 2020, https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/4707/ mps-call-forensic-audit-national-identification-andregistration-authority. 211 Sam Waswa, “Rosemary Kisembo Takes Over as NIRA ED.” 212 The Independent, “Gov’t Might Take Another 8 Years before Registering All Ugandans.” 213 Kenneth Kazibwe, “NIRA to Phase out Current National IDs for Electronic Cards.” 214 Keren Weitzberg, “In Kenya, Thousands Left in Limbo 84 Chased Away and Left to Die without ID Cards,” Coda Story (blog), April 13, 2020, https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/kenyabiometrics-double-registration/; Ayang Macdonald, “Kenya’s Huduma Namba Digital ID Scheme Could Exclude Millions of Citizens, Forum Warns,” Biometric Update, January 31, 2021, https://www.biometricupdate. com/202101/kenyas-huduma-namba-digital-id-schemecould-exclude-millions-of-citizens-forum-warns. 215 Balford Henry, “Coalition Cautious about NIDS Becoming Mandatory,” Jamaica Observer, April 6, 2021, https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/ Coalition_cautious_about_NIDS_becoming_ mandatory?profile=1228. 216 Reetika Khera, Dissent on Aadhaar : Big Data Meets Big Brother, (Orient Black Swan, 2020); Jean Drèze and Reetika Khera, “Getting Cash Transfers out of a JAM,” The Hindu, May 13, 2020, sec. Lead, https://www.thehindu. com/opinion/lead/getting-cash-transfers-out-of-a-jam/ article31568674.ece; Silvia Masiero, “The Digitalization of Anti-Poverty Programs: Aadhaar and the Reform of Social Protection in India,” in Digital Economies at Global Margins, ed. Mark Graham (The MIT Press, 2019), https:// direct.mit.edu/books/book/4218/Digital-Economies-atGlobal-Margins; “Testimonies Reveal How Aadhaar Has Brought Pain, Exclusion to Poor,” The Wire, accessed May 14, 2020, https://thewire.in/government/aadhaarright-to-food-pain-exclusion; Karthik Muralidharan, Paul Niehaus, and Sandip Sukhtankar, “Identity Verification Standards in Welfare Programs: Experimental Evidence from India” (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2020), https://doi. org/10.3386/w26744. 217 “Government Sued over ID Requirement for Covid-19 Jabs,” Daily Monitor, accessed May 30, 2021, https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/ government-sued-over-id-requirement-for-covid19-jabs--3315750; Initiative for Social and Economic Rights (ISER), “ISER Press Release on Ministry of Health’s Withdrawal of National ID Requirement for Covid 19 Vaccination - Initiative for Social and Economic Rights (ISER),” March 9, 2020, https://www.iser-uganda.org/ news-events/notable-developments/475-iser-pressrelease-on-ministry-of-health-s-withdrawal-of-nationalid-requirement-for-covid-19-vaccination. 218 Hansard Parliamentary Debates (Uganda), March 11, 2020, 12. 219 Registration of Persons Act, Section 69(5). 220 Kenneth Kazibwe, “NIRA to Phase out Current National IDs for Electronic Cards.” 221 Ayuba Kirinya, “NIRA Decries Old Equipment, Low Staffing,” Uganda Radio Network, April 17, 2021, https:// ugandaradionetwork.net/story/nira-decries-oldequipment-low-staffing. 222 The Independent, “Gov’t Might Take Another 8 Years before Registering All Ugandans.” 223 Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, “CSOs Call for a Full Integration of Human Rights in the Deployment of Digital Identification Systems,” accessed May 30, 2021, https://chrgj.org/2020/12/17/call-for-afull-integration-of-human-rights-in-the-deployment-ofdigital-identification-systems/. 224 Abdi Latif Dahir, “Kenya’s New Digital IDs May Exclude Millions of Minorities,” The New York Times, January 28, 2020, sec. World, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/ world/africa/kenya-biometric-id.html; Balford Henry, “Coalition Cautious about NIDS Becoming Mandatory”; Rina Chandran, “Fears of Vaccine Exclusion as India Uses Digital ID, Facial Recognition,” Reuters, April 15, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-healthcoronavirus-trfn-idUSKBN2C217V.

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