ENSURING THE RIGHT TO A NATIONALITY FOR CHILDREN IN MIGRATION IN EUROPE 1 17
39
Art 3 of the 1961 Convention
40
ENS (2015) No Child Should Be Stateless pp 11-12: https://www.
statelessness.eu/sites/www.statelessness.eu/files/ENS_NoChildStateless_
final.pdf
41
For available information on EU countries’ practice relating to children
born en route to Europe, see EMN (2020) Statelessness in the EU:
https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/00_eu_inform_
statelessness_en.pdf
42
ENS and ISI (2019) Addressing Statelessness in Europe’s Refugee Response:
Gaps and Opportunities pp. 14-15: https://statelessjourneys.org/wp-content/
uploads/StatelessJourneys-Addressing_statelessness_in_Europ_refugee_
response-FINAL.pdf
43
Ibid p. 10
44
UNHCR, Guidelines on Statelessness No. 4: Ensuring Every Child’s Right to
Acquire a Nationality through Articles 1-4 of the 1961 Convention on the
Reduction of Statelessness, 21 December 2012, HCR/GS/12/04, available
at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/50d460c72.html
45
See the Statelessness Index for country practice on nationality
determination: https://index.statelessness.eu/themes/prevention-andreduction
46
Explanatory Report to the European Convention on Nationality No. 166:
https://rm.coe.int/16800ccde7
47
UNHCR (2014) Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons: https://
www.refworld.org/pdfid/57836cff4.pdf
48
49
UNHCR Good Practices Paper Action 6: Establishing Statelessness
Determination Procedures to Protect Stateless People: https://www.
refworld.org/pdfid/57836cff4.pdf
UNHCR, Guidelines on Statelessness No. 4: Ensuring Every Child’s Right to
Acquire a Nationality through Articles 1–4 of the 1961 Convention on the
Reduction of Statelessness, 21 December 2012, HCR/GS/12/04, para 11
https://www.refworld.org/docid/50d460c72.html;
50
UNHCR (2014) Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons p. 43:
https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/57836cff4.pdf
51
Six EU countries with SDPs: Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia & Spain.
The further 4 CoE countries with SDPs: Moldova, Georgia, UK, Turkey.
Kosovo also has an SDP.
52
EMN (2020) Statelessness in the EU: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/
sites/homeaffairs/files/00_eu_inform_statelessness_en.pdf
53
https://statelessjourneys.org/main-issues/detention-and-return/
54
IOM, UNICEF, UN Human Rights Europe Regional Office, Child Circle,
ECRE, Save the Children, PICUM (2019) Guidance to Respect Children’s
Rights in Return Policies and Practices: Focus on the EU Legal Framework:
https://picum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2019_Guidance_childrens_
rights_in_return_policies.pdf
55
See 54
56
Jyothi Kanics Migration (2017) Migration, Forced Displacement, and
Childhood Statelessness in ISI’s The World’s Stateless Children pp 209223: http://children.worldsstateless.org/3/migration-displacement-andchildhood-statelessness/migration-forced-displacement-and-childhoodstatelessness.html
57
International Parliamentary Union and UNHCR (2014): Nationality and
Statelessness: Handbook for Parliamentarians No 22 and No 29, available
from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/53d0a0974.html; https://www.
ipu.org/resources/publications/handbooks/2018-11/good-practices-innationality-laws-prevention-and-reduction-statelessness
58
Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance
(ECRI) (2016), ECRI General Policy Recommendation N°16 on safeguarding
irregularly present migrants from discrimination, available at: https://www.
refworld.org/docid/581318d64.html
59
UNHCR (2019) Results of the High-Level Segment on Statelessness,
available from: https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/results-of-the-high-levelsegment-on-statelessness/
60
European Parliament resolution of 26 November 2019 on children’s rights
on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child (2019/2876(RSP)): https://www.europarl.europa.eu/
doceo/document/TA-9-2019-0066_EN.pdf
61
https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/54101/nochild-left-behind_uz
62
Frontex (2015) VEGA Handbook: Children at Airports. Children at risk
on the Move Guidelines for Border Guards: https://euagenda.eu/upload/
publications/untitled-6371-ea (Web view)
63
UNHCR (2014) Safe and Sound: What States Can Do to Ensure Respect
for the Best Interests of Unaccompanied and Separated Children in
Europe; EASO (2018) Practical Guide on the Best Interests of the Child in
Asylum Procedures.
64
UNHCR, Guidelines on Statelessness No. 4: Ensuring Every Child’s Right to
Acquire a Nationality through Articles 1-4 of the 1961 Convention on the
Reduction of Statelessness, 21 December 2012, HCR/GS/12/04, available
at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/50d460c72.html
65
ibid
66
ibid
67
UNHCR (2014) Safe and Sound: What States Can Do to Ensure
Respect for the Best Interests of Unaccompanied and Separated
Children in Europe. See Box 1: Safeguards: https://www.refworld.org/
docid/5423da264.html
68
European Committee on Legal Cooperation (Council of Europe) (2019)
Analysis of current practices and challenges regarding the avoidance and
reduction of statelessness in Europe, available from: https://rm.coe.int/
analysis-statelessness-/1680990cc5
69
UNHCR (2019) Results of the High-Level Segment on Statelessness,
available from: https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/results-of-the-high-levelsegment-on-statelessness/