ENDNOTES 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 new-national-identity-in-india-121152. Kangkan Kalita, ‘Over 1.43 Lakh People Were Declared Foreigners in Assam’, Times of India (10 February 2022) < https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ over-1-43-lakh-people-were-declared-foreigners-inassam/articleshow/89464774.cms>; Sansrita Bharadwaj, ‘Declared Illegal Immigrants, Detained for 18 Months, Then Found To Be Indian: An Assam Muslim Family’s Trauma’, Article 14 (26 April 2022) <https://article-14. com/post/declared-illegal-immigrants-detained-for-18months-then-found-to-be-indian-an-assam-muslimfamily-s-trauma-6266ffec7522c>. Sabin Sherstha and Subin Mulmi, ‘Acquisition of Citizenship Certificate in Nepal: Estimation and Projection’ (June 2016) < https://fwld.org/wp-content/ uploads/2016/06/Acquisition-of-Citizenship-Certificatein-Nepal-Estimation-and-Projection.pdf>; US Department of State, ‘Nepal 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 19. UNHCR, Table 5, (June 2022) Durie Rainer Fong, ‘Almost a Quarter of Sabah Residents are Non-Citizens, Assembly Told’, Free Malaysia Today (24 March 2022) <https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/ category/nation/2022/03/24/almost-a-quarter-of-sabahresidents-are-non-citizens-assembly-told/>. Bathmaloshanee M, Maalini Ramalo and Savarana M Sinpan, ‘Report Statelessness in Malaysia’ (DHRRA, April 2022) 15 <https://dhrramalaysia.org.my/wp-content/ uploads/2022/04/STATELESSNESS-IN-MALAYSIAREPORT-05042022_compressed.pdf>. UNHCR, Table 5, (June 2022) Ibid. ‘India: Rohingya Deported to Myanmar Face Danger’, Human Rights Watch (31 March 2022) < https://www. hrw.org/news/2022/03/31/india-rohingya-deportedmyanmar-face-danger>. Shaukat Paracha, ‘400,000 Rohingya Refugees Living in Pakistan, Reveals FO’, Aaj News (20 June 2022) <https:// www.aaj.tv/news/30289869>. UNHCR, Table 5, (June 2022) Ibid. UNHCR, Table 5 and Table 1, (June 2022). China reported 303,436 refugees to UNHCR, of whom 303,100 were reportedly Vietnamese refugees who are “well integrated and receive protection from the Government of China.” US Department of State, ‘India 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 30. ‘Pakistan: Situation of Afghan Refugees’ (European Union Agency for Asylum, May 2022) <https://coi.euaa.europa. eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_05_EUAA_COI_ Report_Pakistan_Situation_of_Afghan_refugees.pdf>. US Department of State, ‘Nepal 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 19. See Christoph Sperfeldt, ‘Legal Identity and Minority Statelessness in Cambodia: Recent Developments’ (2021) 3(2) Statelessness and Citizenship Review 347. Boat People SOS, ‘Consequences of Statelessness on Hmong Christians: The Children of Subdivision 181 in Vietnam – A Case Study’ (30 December 2021) <https:// www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/Boat-PeopleSOS.pdf>. See Madhura Balasubramaniam and Sonika Gupta, ‘Disciplining Statelessness: Fragmentary Outcomes of the Tibetan Rehabilitation Policy in India’ [2020] Asian Studies Review 1; Deepak K Singh, Statelessness in South Asia: The Chakmas between Bangladesh and India (Sage, 2010). ENDNOTES 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 See Forum for Women Law and Development (FWLD), ‘Acquisition of Citizenship Certificate in Nepal: Understanding Trends, Barriers & Impacts’ (Report, February 2014); Tilak Biswakarma, ‘Citizenship and Social Security of Landless Dalits in Nepal’ (2018) 6 Globe: A Journal of Language, Culture and Communication 52; Uddhab Pyakurel, Reproduction of Inequality and Social Exclusion: A Study of Dalits in a Caste Society, Nepal (Springer, 2021). See Brian Barbour, ‘Desk Review of Populations at Risk of Statelessness Philippines’ (UNHCR, 2021). See ‘Southeast Asia’ Sub-Regional Chapter. See Janepicha Cheva-Isarakul, ‘“Diagnosing” Statelessness and Everyday State Illegibility in Northern Thailand’ (2019) 1(2) Statelessness & Citizenship Review 214, 219-21. Allen R Maxwell, ‘Malay Polysemy and Political Power: Census Categories, Ethnicity, and Citizenship in Brunei Darussalam’ (2001) 9(2) South East Asia Research 173; US Department of State, ‘Brunei 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 12. See Khalid Hussain, ‘The End of Bihari Statelessness’ (2009) 32 Forced Migration Review 30; Md Kamrul Hasan Arif, ‘The Status of the Bihari Community in Bangladesh under Domestic and International Law’ (2018) 25 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 664. See Zarwali Khoshnood, ‘Afghanistan’s Marginalized Minority Fights Stateless Status’, Gandhara (Online, 29 June 2015) <https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistanmosuli-jats/27100409.html>; Lima Hadi, Noorullah Shayan and Abubakar Siddique, ‘Jogis: Afghanistan’s Tiny Stateless Minority Strive to Survive Without Rights, Services’, Gandhara (Online, 14 October 2019) <https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/jogis-afghanistan-s-tinystateless-minority-strives-to-survive-without-rightsservices/30216120.html>; Michelle Foster and Adil Hasan Khan, ‘Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 and International Law’ (Briefing Note, 1 April 2021); ‘Citizenship Amendment Bill: India’s New “Anti-Muslim” Law Explained’, BBC (Online, 11 December 2019) <https://www.bbc.com/news/worldasia-india-50670393>. See Tufan Neupane and Tika R Pradhan, ‘Statelessness in Nepal’, The Kathmandu Post (3 September 2022) < https:// kathmandupost.com/national/2022/09/03/stateless-innepal>; Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, ss 1, 17. See ‘Malaysian Campaign for Equal Citizenship’, Family Frontiers <https://familyfrontiers.org/ourwork/#active-1>. Maldivian Citizenship Act (1995) s 2. See also, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, ‘Concluding Observations on the Sixth Periodic Report of Maldives’ UN Doc CEDAW/C/MDV/CO/6 (23 November 2021) [35]-[36]. UNHCR, Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Compilation Report Universal Periodic Review: 3rd Cycle, 36th Session Republic of Maldives (Report, October 2019); Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Maldives’ UN Doc CERD/C/MDV/ CO/5–12 (14 September 2011) [10]; Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review’ UN Doc A/HRC/46/10 (15 December 2020). 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(2). Richard Curtain and Matthew Dornan, ‘Climate Change and Migration in Kiribati, Tuvalu and Nauru’, DevPolicyBlog (15 February 2019) <https://devpolicy.org/climatechange-migration-kiribati-tuvalu-nauru-20190215/>. Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 121. Brian Barbour, Supra 90 at 59-61. Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017)137. E-Stat, Supra note 66 See Min-Chul Hwang, ‘Exploring Marriage Migrants’ Citizenship Acquisition in South Korea’ (2015) 24(3) Asia and Pacific Migration Journal 376; Susan Kneebone, ‘Transnational Marriage Migrants and Nationality: The Case of South Korea and Taiwan’ (Conference Paper, International Academic Conference, November 2017); Hee-Kang Kim, ‘Marriage Migration between South Korea and Vietnam: A Gender Perspective’ (2012) 36(3) Asian Perspective 531; Hsiao-Chuan Hsia, ‘From “Social Problem” to “Social Assets”: Geopolitical, Discursive Shifts in Children of Southeast Asian Marriage Migrants, and Mother-Child Dyadic Citizenship in Taiwan’ [2021] Citizenship Studies 1. Te-Yuan Chien, ‘Differential Human Right of Migrant Spouses Based on Nationalities in Taiwan’ (2018) 19 Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 81. See Hee-Kang Kim, ‘Marriage Migration between South Korea and Vietnam: A Gender Perspective’ (2012) 36(3) Asian Perspective 531; Chulhyo Kim and Seori Choi, ‘Mapping Statelessness in the Republic of Korea’ (December 2021) 17-18 <https://www.refworld.org/ docid/61dc11a34.html>; Jun-Hong Chen, ‘Marriage Immigrants in Taiwan’, HuRights Osaka (December 2017) <https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/focus/ section3/2017/12/marriage-immigrants-in-taiwan.html>. Law on the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (1958) s 17. US Department of State, ‘Papua New Guinea 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 11; Brian Barbour, Supra 90 at 20. UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022) Annex, Table 5 fn 31; Brian Barbour, Supra 90 at 20; Stefan Armbruster, ‘Fifty Years in the Making: Refugees in Australia’s First Manus Camp Offered PNG Citizenship’, SBS News (Online, 25 September 2017) <https://www.sbs.com.au/news/fifty-years-inthe-making-refugees-in-australia-s-first-manus-campoffered-png-citizenship>. See Michael Hutt, Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood, and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan (Oxford University Press, 2005); Tang Lay Lee, ‘Refugees from Bhutan: Nationality, Statelessness and the Right to Return’ (1998) 10(1–2) International Journal of Refugee Law 118. For further background and explanation of the National Register of Citizens and Foreigners Tribunal process see Talha Abdul Rahman, Supra note 70 at 112. ISI and Verité Research, ‘Hill Country Tamils of Sri Lanka: Towards Meaningful Citizenship’ (Report, August 2019) 15. Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 14; Law on Nationality (1996) s 4(2) (Cambodia); Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 7; Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006) s 4(9); Nationality Law No 147 (1950) s 2(3) (Japan); Law on Lao Nationality (1990) s 12; Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1955) s 7(4); Citizenship Act (1997) s 6(3) (New Zealand); 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5(4); Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (1975) s 77(1); Foundling Welfare Act (2020) s 4 (the Philippines); Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) Schedule 3, s 13; Nationality Act (2016) s 2(2) (South Korea); The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 43(2); Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008) s 18. Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 12; The Citizenship Act (1951) s 4 (Bangladesh); The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1); Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1(1); Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) article XI(1)(2); Constitution of Nepal (2015) s 11(4); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4; Law on Citizenship (2002) s 8 (Timor-Leste); Nationality Act (1965) s 7 bis (Thailand); Citizenship Act (1948) s 7 (Sri Lanka). Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 21(8); Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 6; Citizenship of Fiji Act (2009) s 6; Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006) s 4(11); Nationality Law No 147 (1950) s 2(3) (Japan); Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1); Constitution of the Marshall Islands (1978) art XI s 1(2)(b); Constitution of Nauru (1968) s 73; Citizenship Act (1997) s 6(3) (New Zealand); Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5(3); Nationality Act (2016) s 2(1) (3) (South Korea); Law on Citizenship (2002) s 8 (TimorLeste); Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45. Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 15; The Citizenship Act (1951) s 4 (Bangladesh); Law on Nationality (1996) s 4(2) (Cambodia); Law on Lao Nationality (1990) s 11; Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1(1); Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1955) s 7(5); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4; Nationality Act (1965) s 7 bis (Thailand); Citizenship Act (2004) ss 6(3)(c) (Samoa); Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008) s 17. Constitution of Nepal (2015) ss 10–11; Citizenship Act (1997) ss 6(1), (3), 7(1) (New Zealand); Citizenship Act (2004) ss 6–7 (Samoa); see Citizenship Amendment Bill (2016) s 2 (amending s 7 of the Citizenship Act (2004) s 7(1)) (Samoa); Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 121-122. Burma Citizenship Law (1982) ss 23–41. Chae Mims, ‘The Statelessness of the Children of North Korean Women Defectors in China’ (2021) 24(2) Human Rights Brief 98; Choo Chin Low, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: China and Taiwan’ (Country Report, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2016); Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017) 126–36. Ridwanul Hoque, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: Bangladesh’ (EUDO Citizenship Observatory, December 2016) 13–14 <https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44545/ EudoCit_2016_14Bangladesh.pdf>. ibid ‘Bangladesh & Myanmar: More than 100,000 Babies Born in Refugee and Displacement Camps in Recent Years’, Save the Children (25 August 2020) <https:// www.savethechildren.org.au/media/media-releases/ bangladesh-myanmar>. The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4. See Fortify Rights, ‘Genocide by Attrition: The Role of Identity Documents in the Holocaust and the Genocides of Rwanda and Myanmar’ (8 June 2022) <https://www. fortifyrights.org/mya-inv-rep-2022-06-08/>. See UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High 68 69 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC REPORT 2023