ENDNOTES 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 314 “After Generations Away, Kazakhs Come Home to an Independent Country,” UNHCR US, August 9, 2007, https://www.unhcr. org/us/news/after-generations-away-kazakhs-come-home-independent-country. UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees for the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights Compilation Report-Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia’ (April 2014) 2. Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 7(3). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) s 7(5). UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees for the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights’ Compilation Report-Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia’ (April 2010). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) s 7(4). UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees for the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights’ Compilation Report-Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia’ (April 2010) 4. “Birth and Death Registration Completeness” (UN Statistics Division, April 2023), https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographicsocial/crvs/. Committee on the Rights of the Child, ‘Concluding Observations on the Fifth Periodic Report of Mongolia’ UN Doc CRC/C/ MNG/CO/5 (12 July 2017) [20]. “2022 Human Rights Report: Mongolia,” United States Department of State (blog), accessed November 24, 2023, https:// www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/mongolia/. Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 5. Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5(1). Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5(2). Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 7(1). Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 7(1). Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 7(2). Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 7(3). Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 8. Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 6. “North Korea International Travel Information,” Travel.State.Gov, accessed November 27, 2023, https:// travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/ KoreaDemocraticPeoplesRepublicof.html. ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https:// treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-4.en.pdf> (‘ICCPR’). Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 23 October 2017, CRC/C/PRK/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/ treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FPRK%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 23 October 2017, CRC/C/PRK/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/ treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FPRK%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 22 November 2017, CEDAW/C/PRK/CO/2-4, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2FC%2FPRK%2FCO% 2F2-4&Lang=en Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 22 November 2017, CEDAW/C/PRK/CO/2-4, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2FC%2FPRK%2FCO% 2F2-4&Lang=en Rapporteur on Follow-up on Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Follow-up letter sent to the State party, 11 March 2020, MK/follow-up/68/the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea/75, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCEDAW%2FFUL%2FPRK%2F41817&Lang=en “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 14, 2023), https:// www.unhcr.org/global-trends-report-2022. See Nicholas Levi, ‘The Chinese Diaspore in North Korea: Selected Aspects’ (2021) 72(4) Athenaeum 135. See Chae Mims, ‘The Statelessness of the Children of North Korean Women Defectors in China’ (2021) 24(2) Human Rights Brief 98; Choo Chin Low, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: China and Taiwan’ (Country Report, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2016); Samantha A Vortherms, ‘China’s Missing Children: Political Barriers to Citizenship through the Household Registration System’ (2019) 238 The Chine Quarterly 309; I Si Yoon, ‘Cosmopolitanism: The Foundational Ground for a More Inclusive Understanding of Belonging to Protect Human Rights of North Korean Stateless Women’ (2020) 58(2) International Migration 67; Kyle Van Fleet and Shin Ji Kang, ‘Case Studies of Statelessness: North Koreans Born in China, Rohingya in Myanmar, and Palestinians under the Arab League’ (2018) LI(2) Towson University Journal of International Affairs 49; Jeanyoung Jeannie Cho, ‘Systemizing the Fate of the Stateless North Korean Migrants: A Legal Guide to Prevention the Automatic Repatriation of North Korean Migrants in China’ (2013) 37(1) Fordham International Law School 175; Lu Haina and Hao Wanyuan, ‘Protection of Stateless Persons in China: A Human Rights Perspective’ (2017) 12(3) Frontier of Law in China 404; Stephanie Anne Gordon, ‘China’s Hidden Children: negotiating Documentation Denial and its Impact on a Population at Risk of Statelessness’ (DPhil, University of Leicester 2016); STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ENDNOTES 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 “Submission by the UNHCR For the OHCHR’s Compilation Report Universal Periodic Review: 4th Cycle, 42nd Session: Republic of Korea” (UNHCR, January 2022), https://refworld.org/pdfid/63c977814.pdf. Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5(4). Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5(3). Citizen Registration Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2015) Article 7. Citizen Registration Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2015) Article 7. “Denied Status, Denied Education,” Human Rights Watch, April 11, 2008, https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/04/11/deniedstatus-denied-education/children-north-korean-women-china. “Denied Status, Denied Education.” Nationality Act (2016) s 2(1)(1) (South Korea). Nationality Act (2016) s 3(1) (South Korea). Nationality Act (2016) s 5 (South Korea). Chulhyo Kim and Seori Choi, ‘Mapping Statelessness in the Republic of Korea’ (December 2021) 51 <https://www.refworld. org/docid/61dc11a34.html> Nationality Act (2016) s 6-7 (South Korea). Nationality Act (2016) s 11-2(1) (South Korea). Nationality Act (2016) s 10(1) (South Korea). Nationality Act (2016) s 15(1) (South Korea). Helen Lee and Sayuri Umeda, “South Korea: Permanent Dual Nationality Allowed after 60 Years,” web page, Library of Congress, August 24, 2010, https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2010-08-24/south-korea-permanent-dualnationality-allowed-after-60-years/. Lee and Umeda. Chulhyo Kim and Seori Choi, ‘Mapping Statelessness in the Republic of Korea’ (December 2021) 17-18 <https://www. refworld.org/docid/61dc11a34.html> UN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3970.html [accessed 30 May 2023] UN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3970.html [accessed 30 May 2023] UN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3970.html [accessed 30 May 2023] Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Republic of Korea, 24 November 2023, CCPR/C/KOR/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FKOR%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Republic of Korea, 24 November 2023, CCPR/C/KOR/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FKOR%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of the Republic of Korea, 19 October 2017, E/C.12/KOR/CO/4, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/ Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FKOR%2FCO%2F4&Lang=en UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36c0.html; UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0. html Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Information received from the Republic of Korea on follow-up to the concluding observations, 11 July 2019, E/C.12/KOR/CO/4/Add.1, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/ treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FKOR%2FCO%2F4%2FAdd.1&Lang=en Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Follow-up letter sent to the State party, 9 December 2019, 2019-101/CESCR/FU, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCESCR%2FFUL%2FKOR%2F40803&Lang=en Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Republic of Korea, 24 November 2023, CCPR/C/KOR/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FKOR%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations on the combined seventeenth to nineteenth periodic reports of the Republic of Korea, 10 January 2019, CERD/C/KOR/CO/17-19, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr. org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2FC%2FKOR%2FCO%2F17-19&Lang=en Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Republic of Korea, 24 November 2023, CCPR/C/KOR/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FKOR%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the eighth periodic report of the Republic of Korea, 14 March 2018, CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/8, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/ treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2FC%2FKOR%2FCO%2F8&Lang=en REPORT 2024 315