ENDNOTES 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 310 Jisen Zhang, “Interpreting ‘Settled Abroad’ in China’s Nationality Law: Theory, Practice, and Problems,” Columbia Library Journals 35 (n.d.): 268–344. Zhang; “Application Form for Naturalization as Chinese Nationality,” National Immigration Administration (blog), March 6, 2019, https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741445/n741619/n894511/c896292/content.html. Zhang, “Interpreting ‘Settled Abroad’ in China’s Nationality Law: Theory, Practice, and Problems”; “Application Form for Naturalization as Chinese Nationality.” “Immigrating,” The Chinese Central Government’s Official Web Portal, accessed November 22, 2023, https://www.gov.cn/ english/service/immigrating.htm. Includes but not limited to “holding the post of deputy general manager, deputy factory director or above or of associate professor, associate research fellow and other associate senior titles of professional post or above”, Article 6 (2), http://www. asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/mftaoeaaofpric899/#:~:text=An%20applicant%20under%20Item%20(7,kindred%20and%20 a%20certificate%20certifying Measures for the Administration of Examination and Approval of Foreigners' Permanent Residence in China, Article 6. “Immigrating.” Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997) Article 24(3). Immigration Ordinance (1972) Cap. 115, Section 2(a) (Hong Kong). Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997) Article 26. Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997) Article 24. Immigration Ordinance (1972) Cap. 115, Section 2(a)(c) (Hong Kong). Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997) Article 24. Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997) Article 24(1-3). Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997) Article 24(4). Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997) Article 24(5). Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 3. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 9. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 13. Rachel Settlage, 'No Place to Call Home: Stateless Vietnamese Asylum Seekers in Hong Kong', 12 Geo. Immigr. L. J. 187 (1997). Retrieved 10 November 2023, from: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/lawfrp/196. Convention on the Rights of the Child, opened for signature 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990). Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, opened for signature 28 September 1954, 360 UNTS 117 (entered into force 6 June 1960). Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, opened for signature 28 September 1954, 360 UNTS 117 (entered into force 6 June 1960). “Hong Kong 2022 Human Rights Report.” United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2015). UNHCR Statistical Yearbook 2015 - 15th Edition. Retrieved 10 November 2023, from https://www.unhcr.org/media/unhcr-statistical-yearbook-2015-15th-edition Reuters. (19 June 2016). Hong Kong's stateless children lost in translation as refugee claims soar. Retrieved 10 November 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-world-refugeeday-hongkong-idUSKCN0Z500Y UNHCR Global Trends 2021 (June 2022) Annex, Table 5. “Hong Kong’s Stateless Children Lost in Translation as Refugee Claims Soar,” Reuters, June 19, 2016, sec. World, https://www. reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0Z503C/. “Hong Kong’s Stateless Children Lost in Translation as Refugee Claims Soar.” “Hong Kong’s Stateless Children Lost in Translation as Refugee Claims Soar.” “Hong Kong’s Stateless Children Lost in Translation as Refugee Claims Soar.” Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 6. Huang Yujia and Ye Ruolin, ‘With Few Abandoned Babies, China’s Orphanages Stand Empty’, Sixth Tone (25 March 2021) <https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1007569/with-far-fewer-abandoned-babies%2C-chinas-orphanages-stand-empty>. Ibid. See also, Li Hui and Ben Blanchard, ‘China’s Unwanted Babies Once Mostly Girls, Now Mostly Sick, Disabled’, Reuters (3 February 2014. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 9-10. “Hong Kong 2022 Human Rights Report” (US Department of State, 2022), https://www.state.gov/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/415610_HONG-KONG-2022-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf. “Hong Kong 2022 Human Rights Report.” “Hong Kong 2022 Human Rights Report.” “Hong Kong 2022 Human Rights Report.” “Hong Kong 2022 Human Rights Report.” “Hong Kong 2022 Human Rights Report.” “Hong Kong 2022 Human Rights Report.” Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 6. See Chae Mims, ‘The Statelessness of the Children of North Korean Women Defectors in China’ (2021) 24(2) Human Rights Brief 98; Choo Chin Low, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: China and Taiwan’ (Country Report, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2016). “Birth and Death Registration Completeness” (UN Statistics Division, April 2023), https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographicsocial/crvs/. STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ENDNOTES 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 Notice from the Ministry of Health on strengthening the management of the launch of the new version of Medical Certificate of Birth (2004) para 1. “Obtain Birth Certificate in China,” Lawyers China, accessed December 17, 2023, https://lawyerschina.net/obtain-birthcertificate-in-china/. Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 2. Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 2(1). Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 2(2). Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 2(3). Hitoshi Nasu, “Constitutionality of the Japanese Nationality Act: A Commentary on the Supreme Court’s Decision on 4 June 2008,” Journal of Japanese Law 13, no. 26 (May 10, 2009): 101–16. Nasu. Saibanshu Minji No.228 (4 June 2008), page 101 (https://www.courts.go.jp/app/hanrei_jp/detail2?id=36416 (available only in Japanese)). Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 3. Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896) Article 772 (Japan). Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 3. Acknowledgement can be done by will (igon ninchi) in case the father is deceased. Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896) (Japan). Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017) 18-19. (https://www. unhcr.org/jp/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2018/01/TYPOLOGY-OF-STATELESS-PERSONS-IN-JAPAN_webEnglish.pdf). Osamu Araki, ‘Statelessness Conventions and Japanese Laws: Convergence and Divergence’ (Report, UNHCR 2015). Osamu Araki, ‘Statelessness Conventions and Japanese Laws: Convergence and Divergence’ (Report, UNHCR 2015) (https:// www.unhcr.org/jp/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2017/09/Statelessness_Conventions_and_Japanese_Law_J.pdf) Odagawa et al., “Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan.” Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (Cabinet Order No. 319 of 1951) (the “Immigration Act”) Article 24 (Japan). Odagawa et al., “Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan.” Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017) 18-19. Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 5. Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 5. Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 6. Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 6(1-3). Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 11(1). Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 14. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations on the combined tenth and eleventh periodic reports of Japan, 26 September 2018, CERD/C/JPN/CO/10-11, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_ layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2FC%2FJPN%2FCO%2F10-11&Lang=en Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations on the combined tenth and eleventh periodic reports of Japan, 26 September 2018, CERD/C/JPN/CO/10-11, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_ layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2FC%2FJPN%2FCO%2F10-11&Lang=en UN General Assembly, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 21 December 1965, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, p. 195, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3940.html [accessed 31 May 2023] Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Japan, 5 March 2019, CRC/C/JPN/CO/4-5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx ?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FJPN%2FCO%2F4-5&Lang=en Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Japan, 5 March 2019, CRC/C/JPN/CO/4-5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx ?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FJPN%2FCO%2F4-5&Lang=en UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, p. 3, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html. Ministry of Foreign Affair of Japan, ‘Annex: Recommendations accepted for follow-up in the third cycle of the UPR in 2017’, No. 28 (https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100442699.pdf) Ministry of Foreign Affair of Japan, ‘National report submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 16/21’ (10 November 2022), No. 103 (https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100442698.pdf). See UNHCR Global Trends 2021 (June 2022) Annex, Table 5. NB. The figure of 707 stateless persons is included for Japan in the table however UNHCR notes that this figures is an estimate as “The published data refers to end-2020. Statistics for end-2021 have been received by UNHCR and will be published in the coming weeks. At end-2021 there were a total of 1,508 refugees and 16,709 pending asylum-seekers and 531 stateless people.” The figure of 531 as such has been adopted. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2019” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 18, 2020), https:// www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/globaltrends2019/. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 18, 2021), https:// www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/60b638e37/global-trends-forced-displacement-2020.html. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 16, 2022), https:// www.unhcr.org/us/media/40152. REPORT 2024 311